Procedurer Almost all nosebleeds arise from Kiesselbach's plexus on the anterior septum and stop with correctly performed compression. The reason compression nevertheless so often…

…impulse to the anterior wall of the left ventricle; (2) the posterior (posteroinferior) fascicle , which delivers the electrical impulse to the posterior and inferior walls…

Echocardiography Tricuspid regurgitation The tricuspid valve separates the right ventricle and the right atrium. It normally consists of three leaflets (anterior, posterior and septal leaflet)…

…the left anterior descending artery was associated with lower five year survival than a more distal lesion. Revascularisation improves myocardial blood flow and angina related…

…infarction (MI). It is particularly associated with extensive anterior or transmural infarction, apical dysfunction, LV aneurysm formation, and reduced LV systolic function. The principal mechanisms…

…acute coronary syndromes. The LMCA supplies a large myocardial territory through the left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LCx) arteries (Figure 1). Acute obstruction…

…Figure 1). The anterolateral papillary muscle receives blood supply from the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and the left circumflex artery (LCX), whereas the posteromedial…

…For example, if there is acute ischemia located in the anterior wall and there is ST segment elevation in lead V3, then there should also…

…follows: The left anterior descending coronary artery ( LAD ). The left circumflex coronary artery ( LCX ). Figure 1 shows the coronary arteries and their relation to the…

…and the U wave must not be included. Electrical axis Electrical axis Interpretation : : −30° to +90° Normal −30° to −90° Left axis deviation — left anterior…

…without current symptoms, alternating bundle branch block in acute anterior infarction, and before drugs or procedures with a known risk of bradycardia. Transvenous pacing is…

…form of typical atrial flutter, the reentrant circuit is confined to the right atrium and travels in a counterclockwise direction. The activation wavefront propagates in…

…arteries. They include anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (AAOCA), coronary fistulae, and myocardial bridging. Although many are clinically silent, some produce myocardial ischaemia…

…While often retrosternal, the pain may be localized to the left anterior chest and can radiate to the neck, shoulders, and arms, sometimes following the…

…of the left anterior descending artery in dogs resulted in myoardial infarction. An important discovery was reported in 1930 when Buchner and colleages showed that…

…anterior infarction. Ventricular free wall rupture Free wall rupture may be catastrophic or subacute. In the catastrophic form, an acute tear causes haemopericardium, tamponade, and…

…recorded indirectly as reciprocal abnormalities in the anterior precordial leads. Acute myocardial ischaemia alters the resting membrane potential and action potential duration of affected myocardial…

…acute, evolving or chronic The severity of ischaemia and whether infarction has occurred The extent and degree of myocardial involvement The anatomical territory, including anterior…

…and use of biphasic defibrillators , which are standard due to superior efficacy over monophasic devices. Electrode position (anterior posterior vs. antero lateral) does not affect…

…absence of sounds on the affected side. Ultrasonography can reveal pneumothorax (highlighted by a lack of lung tissue) and its impact on cardiac function. Clinically…

…The left anterior descending coronary artery ( LAD ). The left circumflex coronary artery ( LCX ). Figure 1 is important, as it shows the coronary arteries and their…

…as an R’ wave (pronounced "R prime"), which is directed anteriorly and rightward. Due to the abnormal depolarization sequence of the right ventricle in RBBB…

…1. The component of the cardiac conduction system and the vascular supply. RCA = right coronary artery. LAD = Left anterior descending coronary artery. LCX…

…artery can also be sought anterior to the lateral malleolus. Calculation: for each leg, the highest of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pressures is…

…anterior superior iliac spine is a second line alternative in marked obesity or when the supine position is necessary. After previous punctures: change side, and…

…shape and reaction to light. A teardrop shaped or peaked pupil suggests perforation. Look for hyphaema — blood with a fluid level in the anterior chamber…

…towards the anterior superior iliac spine and the middle finger extended along the iliac crest. Inject into the triangle between the index and middle fingers…

…large patient. The anterior approach, just lateral to the coracoid process, is an alternative but lies closer to the brachial plexus and the vessels. The…

…is mobile and often gas filled. The site lies about 3–5 cm superior and medial to the anterior superior iliac spine and lateral to…

…Procedure Anterior shoulder dislocation The commonest of all dislocations. There is a hollow beneath the acromion, the arm is held in slight abduction and external…

…location also matters: stenoses in the left main stem or proximal left anterior descending artery are more likely to affect flow because they supply a…

…usually absent [7]. Stricter Criteria : These require a QRS duration exceeding 140 msec in males and 130 msec in females , along with slurring or notching…

…than NSTEMI, and up to two thirds of infarctions are anterior. The risk of ACS is greatest during the third trimester and postpartum period, although…

…hypertension, and pulmonary congestion. Hemodynamic deterioration is more likely with larger infarcts, anterior infarction, advanced age, delayed or unsuccessful revascularization, and pre existing diabetes, previous…

…Left anterior fascicular block is diagnosed if the axis is between 45° and 90° with qR complex in aVL and QRS duration 0,12 s…

…Left anterior fascicular block is diagnosed if the axis is between 45° and 90° with qR complex in aVL and QRS duration is 0,12…

…The most important of these, and their implications, are as follows: The size of the thrombus (i.e the degree of artery obstruction): The greater…

…IA, IC and III antiarrhythmics. Tricyclic antidepressants . Lithium. Cholinesterase inhibitors. Methyldopa. Reserpine. Clonidine. Conditions Myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction (can cause permanent bradycardia, particularly anterior infarctions)…

…the origin of the anterior papillary muscle. A network of Purkinje fibers sprouts out from the bundle branches and fascicles and spread through the ventricular…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease) Coronary artery disease, which is synonymous with ischemic heart disease, is the most common…

…such as heart failure, structural heart disease, fibrosis of the conduction system and acute myocardial infarction (particularly anterior STEMI). Hence, an acute myocardial infarction may…

…LBB) and the right bundle branch (RBB). The left bundle branch further divides into the anterior and posterior fascicles. The bundle branches and fascicles play…

…lateral ) and the apex (Table 2). Table 2. The 17 segments of the left ventricle Basal Segments Mid cavity Segments Apical Segments 1. basal anterior…

…line between rib 5 and 6. V5: placed on the anterior axillary line, on level with V4. V6: placed on level with V4 and V5…

…left anterior descending artery). This ECG pattern is referred to as de Winter's ECG . Figure 3 provides all clinically relevant differential diagnoses, and their…

…left ventricle is subdivided into 4 walls: inferior , anterior , lateral and septal wall ( Figure 2 below). An inferior myocardial infarction refers to an infarction located…

…ventricle in the thorax. It is localized immediately behind the sternum and thus is the most anteriorly located part of the heart. The right ventricle…

…bottles. Intravenous fluid and a vasopressor prepared. The patient is positioned semi recumbent, at 30–45 degrees — the fluid then collects anteriorly and inferiorly, which…