…needles. An 18 G puncture needle, 7–9 cm (a spinal needle or the needle from a pericardiocentesis set), 10 mL and 20 mL syringes…

…after two minutes. Management is a ladder — compression, cautery, anterior packing — and each step presupposes that the previous one has been done properly. Indications Ongoing…

…coronary artery disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, degenerative disease, hypertension, hyperkalemia, myocarditis, and amyloidosis may all cause LAFB. Prognosis of left anterior…

Echocardiography Tricuspid regurgitation The tricuspid valve separates the right ventricle and the right atrium. It normally consists of three leaflets (anterior, posterior and septal leaflet)…

…a lesion proximal to the first septal perforator of the left anterior descending artery was associated with lower five year survival than a more distal…

…embolic manifestations. The source material does not provide a detailed catalogue of specific embolic syndromes. Clinical suspicion should be heightened after: Anterior STEMI. A large…

…coronary artery (LMCA) occlusion is a rare but catastrophic manifestation of acute coronary syndromes. The LMCA supplies a large myocardial territory through the left anterior…

…Figure 1). The anterolateral papillary muscle receives blood supply from the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and the left circumflex artery (LCX), whereas the posteromedial…

…For example, if there is acute ischemia located in the anterior wall and there is ST segment elevation in lead V3, then there should also…

…right coronary artery ( RCA ) originates on the right aspect of the aortic bulb. The left main coronary artery ( LMCA ) originates from the left anterior aspect…

…must not be included. Electrical axis Electrical axis Interpretation : : −30° to +90° Normal −30° to −90° Left axis deviation — left anterior fascicular block, inferior infarction…

…newly discovered complete heart block without current symptoms, alternating bundle branch block in acute anterior infarction, and before drugs or procedures with a known risk…

…either anterior or posterior to the superior vena cava. A critical area of slow conduction is consistently located in the posterolateral to posteromedial inferior region…

…artery passes through the myocardium rather than remaining on the epicardial surface. The intramyocardial segment is termed the tunnelled artery. The left anterior descending artery…

…2], [5]. Localization: While often retrosternal, the pain may be localized to the left anterior chest and can radiate to the neck, shoulders, and arms…

…tissues and organs. A few decades later Cohnheim demonstrated that ligation of the left anterior descending artery in dogs resulted in myoardial infarction. An important…

…Female sex. Hypertension. Absence of an adequate collateral circulation. A first or anterior infarction. Single vessel disease without collateral support. Chronic kidney disease, particularly in…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Posterior myocardial infarction is myocardial necrosis involving the posterior region of the left ventricle, usually as part…

…myocardial infarction as the final diagnosis. The underlying process usually involves acute thrombotic obstruction of an epicardial coronary artery. A vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque and thrombogenic…

…devices. Electrode position (anterior posterior vs. antero lateral) does not affect success, but active compression of the pads lowers defibrillation thresholds and improves success, and…

…should be utilized. The cannula is inserted into the 4th or 5th intercostal space along the anterior axillary line. Thoracostomy This method is generally deemed…

…characteristic ECG syndromes (e.g. Wellen's syndrome, de Winter's sign, widespread ST segment depressions) that point to the left anterior descending artery (LAD…

…into the right and left bundle branches. The left bundle branch further divides into the anterior and posterior fascicles. Both the right bundle branch and…

…at the anterior papillary muscle's origin. The interventricular septum obtains Purkinje fibers from the left bundle branch. Coronary artery dominance The coronary artery that…

…leg. If the signal is uncertain or borderline, the fibular artery can also be sought anterior to the lateral malleolus. Calculation: for each leg, the…

…a contraindication; the specimen may be taken even at very low platelet counts, followed by compression. Infection in the skin overlying the puncture site. Previous…

…2. Inspect the eyelids, conjunctiva, cornea and anterior chamber. Note the pupil size, shape and reaction to light. A teardrop shaped or peaked pupil suggests…

…L) — choose the subcutaneous route if possible, otherwise give IM with a fine needle and 5 minutes of compression. Anticoagulant treatment is not in itself…

…6. Withdraw the needle, apply compression and a dressing. The knee The patient lies supine with the leg extended and the quadriceps relaxed. The superolateral…

…superior and medial to the anterior superior iliac spine and lateral to the lateral border of the rectus abdominis — this avoids the inferior epigastric artery…

…status, the ASA class and the airway beforehand. Procedure Anterior shoulder dislocation The commonest of all dislocations. There is a hollow beneath the acromion, the…

…also matters: stenoses in the left main stem or proximal left anterior descending artery are more likely to affect flow because they supply a larger…

…complication of myocardial infarction (MI) [5]. It is more frequently associated with anterior infarction than with inferoposterior infarction [4]. Myocardial Necrosis : The occurrence of LBBB …

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an acute coronary disorder caused by separation within the coronary arterial…

…zone. Coronary Occlusion and Myocardial Injury STEMI generally results from abrupt reduction in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery…

…Left anterior fascicular block is diagnosed if the axis is between 45° and 90° with qR complex in aVL and QRS duration 0,12 s…

…Left anterior fascicular block is diagnosed if the axis is between 45° and 90° with qR complex in aVL and QRS duration is 0,12…

…occlusion reflow cycle repeatedly to the circumflex artery before a 60 minute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) would reduce the infarct…

…Methyldopa. Reserpine. Clonidine. Conditions Myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction (can cause permanent bradycardia, particularly anterior infarctions). Viral myocarditis. Lyme disease. Rheumatic fever. Endocarditis. Heart surgery (can…

…the septum. Purkinje fibers are branched off from the right bundle branch at the level of the origin of the anterior papillary muscle. A network…

…for hypertension. However, coronary artery disease remains the number one killer in most regions worldwide ( Tsao et al .). The New England Journal of Medicine, 1812…

…such as heart failure, structural heart disease, fibrosis of the conduction system and acute myocardial infarction (particularly anterior STEMI). Hence, an acute myocardial infarction may…

…and the right bundle branch (RBB). The left bundle branch further divides into the anterior and posterior fascicles. The bundle branches and fascicles play a…

…segments of the left ventricle Basal Segments Mid cavity Segments Apical Segments 1. basal anterior 7. mid anterior 13. apical anterior 2. basal anteroseptal 8…

…V4. V4: placed on the left medioclavicular line between rib 5 and 6. V5: placed on the anterior axillary line, on level with V4. V6…

…segment depressions with prominent T waves in the majority of the chest leads may indicate an acute occlusion in the LAD (left anterior descending artery)…

…affect the left ventricle. Right ventricular infarction is uncommon but may occur if there is a proximal occlusion in the right coronary artery (RCA). Nevertheless…

…difficulties in visualizing it. Previously, the PA catheter ( Pulmonary Artery Catheter , also called Swan Ganz catheter ) has been the first choice, but today the majority…