…bottles. Intravenous fluid and a vasopressor prepared. The patient is positioned semi recumbent, at 30–45 degrees — the fluid then collects anteriorly and inferiorly, which…

…arise from Kiesselbach's plexus on the anterior septum and stop with correctly performed compression. The reason compression nevertheless so often fails is that it…

…coronary artery disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, degenerative disease, hypertension, hyperkalemia, myocarditis, and amyloidosis may all cause LAFB. Prognosis of left anterior…

Echocardiography Tricuspid regurgitation The tricuspid valve separates the right ventricle and the right atrium. It normally consists of three leaflets (anterior, posterior and septal leaflet)…

…the left anterior descending artery was associated with lower five year survival than a more distal lesion. Revascularisation improves myocardial blood flow and angina related…

…infarction (MI). It is particularly associated with extensive anterior or transmural infarction, apical dysfunction, LV aneurysm formation, and reduced LV systolic function. The principal mechanisms…

…but catastrophic manifestation of acute coronary syndromes. The LMCA supplies a large myocardial territory through the left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LCx) arteries…

…Figure 1). The anterolateral papillary muscle receives blood supply from the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and the left circumflex artery (LCX), whereas the posteromedial…

…For example, if there is acute ischemia located in the anterior wall and there is ST segment elevation in lead V3, then there should also…

…follows: The left anterior descending coronary artery ( LAD ). The left circumflex coronary artery ( LCX ). Figure 1 shows the coronary arteries and their relation to the…

…and the U wave must not be included. Electrical axis Electrical axis Interpretation : : −30° to +90° Normal −30° to −90° Left axis deviation — left anterior…

…without current symptoms, alternating bundle branch block in acute anterior infarction, and before drugs or procedures with a known risk of bradycardia. Transvenous pacing is…

…form of typical atrial flutter, the reentrant circuit is confined to the right atrium and travels in a counterclockwise direction. The activation wavefront propagates in…

…termination of the coronary arteries. They include anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (AAOCA), coronary fistulae, and myocardial bridging. Although many are clinically silent…

…While often retrosternal, the pain may be localized to the left anterior chest and can radiate to the neck, shoulders, and arms, sometimes following the…

…of blood flow to tissues and organs. A few decades later Cohnheim demonstrated that ligation of the left anterior descending artery in dogs resulted in…

…anterior infarction. Ventricular free wall rupture Free wall rupture may be catastrophic or subacute. In the catastrophic form, an acute tear causes haemopericardium, tamponade, and…

…recorded indirectly as reciprocal abnormalities in the anterior precordial leads. Acute myocardial ischaemia alters the resting membrane potential and action potential duration of affected myocardial…

…interstitial oedema and tissue inflammation produce extravascular compression. In the most severe form, termed no reflow, structural and functional microvascular impairment persists despite restoration of…

…position (anterior posterior vs. antero lateral) does not affect success, but active compression of the pads lowers defibrillation thresholds and improves success, and maximum fixed…

…absence of sounds on the affected side. Ultrasonography can reveal pneumothorax (highlighted by a lack of lung tissue) and its impact on cardiac function. Clinically…

…characteristic ECG syndromes (e.g. Wellen's syndrome, de Winter's sign, widespread ST segment depressions) that point to the left anterior descending artery (LAD…

…as an R’ wave (pronounced "R prime"), which is directed anteriorly and rightward. Due to the abnormal depolarization sequence of the right ventricle in RBBB…

…cardiac conduction system and the vascular supply. RCA = right coronary artery. LAD = Left anterior descending coronary artery. LCX = left circumflex coronary artery…

…the fibular artery can also be sought anterior to the lateral malleolus. Calculation: for each leg, the highest of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial…

…anterior superior iliac spine is a second line alternative in marked obesity or when the supine position is necessary. After previous punctures: change side, and…

…shape and reaction to light. A teardrop shaped or peaked pupil suggests perforation. Look for hyphaema — blood with a fluid level in the anterior chamber…

…L) — choose the subcutaneous route if possible, otherwise give IM with a fine needle and 5 minutes of compression. Anticoagulant treatment is not in itself…

…large patient. The anterior approach, just lateral to the coracoid process, is an alternative but lies closer to the brachial plexus and the vessels. The…

…superior and medial to the anterior superior iliac spine and lateral to the lateral border of the rectus abdominis — this avoids the inferior epigastric artery…

…Procedure Anterior shoulder dislocation The commonest of all dislocations. There is a hollow beneath the acromion, the arm is held in slight abduction and external…

…also matters: stenoses in the left main stem or proximal left anterior descending artery are more likely to affect flow because they supply a larger…

…usually absent [7]. Stricter Criteria : These require a QRS duration exceeding 140 msec in males and 130 msec in females , along with slurring or notching…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an acute coronary disorder caused by separation within the coronary arterial…

…zone. Coronary Occlusion and Myocardial Injury STEMI generally results from abrupt reduction in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery…

…Left anterior fascicular block is diagnosed if the axis is between 45° and 90° with qR complex in aVL and QRS duration 0,12 s…

…Left anterior fascicular block is diagnosed if the axis is between 45° and 90° with qR complex in aVL and QRS duration is 0,12…

…and their implications, are as follows: The size of the thrombus (i.e the degree of artery obstruction): The greater the obstruction the more extensive…

…IA, IC and III antiarrhythmics. Tricyclic antidepressants . Lithium. Cholinesterase inhibitors. Methyldopa. Reserpine. Clonidine. Conditions Myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction (can cause permanent bradycardia, particularly anterior infarctions)…

…the origin of the anterior papillary muscle. A network of Purkinje fibers sprouts out from the bundle branches and fascicles and spread through the ventricular…

…aggressive lowering of blood lipids with statins and sophisticated treatments for hypertension. However, coronary artery disease remains the number one killer in most regions worldwide…

…findings revealed that a substantial number of these patients had complete coronary artery occlusions, and outcomes improved when they were treated as acute STEMI cases…

…LBB) and the right bundle branch (RBB). The left bundle branch further divides into the anterior and posterior fascicles. The bundle branches and fascicles play…

…lateral ) and the apex (Table 2). Table 2. The 17 segments of the left ventricle Basal Segments Mid cavity Segments Apical Segments 1. basal anterior…

…line between rib 5 and 6. V5: placed on the anterior axillary line, on level with V4. V6: placed on level with V4 and V5…

…left anterior descending artery). This ECG pattern is referred to as de Winter's ECG . Figure 3 provides all clinically relevant differential diagnoses, and their…

…left ventricle is subdivided into 4 walls: inferior , anterior , lateral and septal wall ( Figure 2 below). An inferior myocardial infarction refers to an infarction located…

…ventricle in the thorax. It is localized immediately behind the sternum and thus is the most anteriorly located part of the heart. The right ventricle…