…leg. If the signal is uncertain or borderline, the fibular artery can also be sought anterior to the lateral malleolus. Calculation: for each leg, the…

…or as a solution has a good effect in anterior bleeding. Raise the chair so that the patient's nose is at your eye level…

…01 to 0.04 seconds). ECG criteria for left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) Electrical axis between 45° to 90°. If the electrical axis is 30°…

Echocardiography Tricuspid regurgitation The tricuspid valve separates the right ventricle and the right atrium. It normally consists of three leaflets (anterior, posterior and septal leaflet)…

…a lesion proximal to the first septal perforator of the left anterior descending artery was associated with lower five year survival than a more distal…

Echocardiography Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Left ventricular (LV) thrombus is an intracavitary clot attached to the LV endocardium, typically overlying an akinetic…

…acute coronary syndromes. The LMCA supplies a large myocardial territory through the left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LCx) arteries (Figure 1). Acute obstruction…

…Figure 1). The anterolateral papillary muscle receives blood supply from the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and the left circumflex artery (LCX), whereas the posteromedial…

…the chest leads (V1 through V6) are displayed on the ECG paper in their anatomically contiguous order from right anterior (V1) to left lateral (V6)…

…aspect of the aortic bulb. The left main coronary artery ( LMCA ) originates from the left anterior aspect of the aortic bulb. The LMCA is short…

…to −90° Left axis deviation — left anterior fascicular block, inferior infarction, hypertrophy +90° to +180° Right axis deviation — right ventricular strain, lateral infarction, left posterior…

…preferably anteroposteriorly : one anteriorly over the praecordium to the left of the sternum, the other on the back between the left scapula and the spine…

…septum. The left atrium is activated passively. The upper boundary of this circuit may be located either anterior or posterior to the superior vena cava…

…The intramyocardial segment is termed the tunnelled artery. The left anterior descending artery (LAD) is most commonly involved. The reported prevalence depends substantially on the…

…2], [5]. Localization: While often retrosternal, the pain may be localized to the left anterior chest and can radiate to the neck, shoulders, and arms…

…tissues and organs. A few decades later Cohnheim demonstrated that ligation of the left anterior descending artery in dogs resulted in myoardial infarction. An important…

…infarction (STEMI). The principal lesions are: Ventricular septal rupture (VSR), producing an acute left to right shunt. Ventricular free wall rupture, producing haemopericardium and cardiac…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Posterior myocardial infarction is myocardial necrosis involving the posterior region of the left ventricle, usually as part…

…involvement The anatomical territory, including anterior, inferoposterolateral or right ventricular involvement Pre existing abnormalities such as prior infarction, left bundle branch block, Wolff–Parkinson–White…

…due to superior efficacy over monophasic devices. Electrode position (anterior posterior vs. antero lateral) does not affect success, but active compression of the pads lowers…

…should be utilized. The cannula is inserted into the 4th or 5th intercostal space along the anterior axillary line. Thoracostomy This method is generally deemed…

…de Winter's sign, widespread ST segment depressions) that point to the left anterior descending artery (LAD) as the culprit. The coronary arteries: a brief…

…of His, which bifurcates into the right and left bundle branches. The left bundle branch further divides into the anterior and posterior fascicles. Both the…

…RCA = right coronary artery. LAD = Left anterior descending coronary artery. LCX = left circumflex coronary artery. Arterial blood supply of the conduction system…

…into the mediastinum. The anterior superior iliac spine is a second line alternative in marked obesity or when the supine position is necessary. After previous…

…pinhole. This is done before any drops. 2. Inspect the eyelids, conjunctiva, cornea and anterior chamber. Note the pupil size, shape and reaction to light…

…An alcohol or chlorhexidine swab. Let the skin dry completely before inserting the needle — alcohol carried in with the needle stings. Needles of the correct…

…5 mg/mL: clean with 3–4 swabs in wide circles and let it dry for a couple of minutes before the needle is inserted…

…straightforward: ultrasound to find the fluid, an insertion site in the left lower quadrant lateral to the rectus sheath, and a cell count plus albumin…

…status, the ASA class and the airway beforehand. Procedure Anterior shoulder dislocation The commonest of all dislocations. There is a hollow beneath the acromion, the…

…Lesion location also matters: stenoses in the left main stem or proximal left anterior descending artery are more likely to affect flow because they supply…

…notched R waves in leads I, aVL, and the left precordial leads, and narrow r waves followed by broad, deep S waves in the right…

…solely as an isolated coronary event. SCAD predominantly affects the left sided coronary circulation and may involve multiple vessels. Pregnancy associated SCAD can occur at…

…In the setting of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), cardiogenic shock most commonly reflects severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, accounting for approximately 80% of cases…

…Causes of left axis deviation Left bundle branch block. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Inferior infarction. Pre excitation. Left anterior fascicular block is diagnosed if the axis…

…Causes of left axis deviation Left bundle branch block. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Inferior infarction. Pre excitation. Left anterior fascicular block is diagnosed if the axis…

…cycle repeatedly to the circumflex artery before a 60 minute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) would reduce the infarct size by…

…Methyldopa. Reserpine. Clonidine. Conditions Myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction (can cause permanent bradycardia, particularly anterior infarctions). Viral myocarditis. Lyme disease. Rheumatic fever. Endocarditis. Heart surgery (can…

…the septum. Purkinje fibers are branched off from the right bundle branch at the level of the origin of the anterior papillary muscle. A network…

…occurs when the myocardium becomes ischemic. It is typically described as a diffuse pain over the anterior chest wall. The pain may be experienced as…

…anterior STEMI). Hence, an acute myocardial infarction may actually result in LBBB which then masks the ischemic ST T changes on ECG. In summary, left…

…bifurcates into the left bundle branch (LBB) and the right bundle branch (RBB). The left bundle branch further divides into the anterior and posterior fascicles…

…segments ( apical anterior , apical septal , apical inferior , and apical lateral ) and the apex (Table 2). Table 2. The 17 segments of the left ventricle Basal…

…V2 and V4. V4: placed on the left medioclavicular line between rib 5 and 6. V5: placed on the anterior axillary line, on level with…

…segment depressions with prominent T waves in the majority of the chest leads may indicate an acute occlusion in the LAD (left anterior descending artery)…

…anterior , lateral and septal wall ( Figure 2 below). An inferior myocardial infarction refers to an infarction located in the inferior wall of the left ventricle…

…ventricle in the thorax. It is localized immediately behind the sternum and thus is the most anteriorly located part of the heart. The right ventricle…

…prepared. The patient is positioned semi recumbent, at 30–45 degrees — the fluid then collects anteriorly and inferiorly, which makes it easier to reach subxiphoid…