…Left to right shunt. Right ventricular dysfunction due to pressure/volume overload is the most common cause. Ebstein's anomaly The prevalence of Ebstein's…

…L) — choose the subcutaneous route if possible, otherwise give IM with a fine needle and 5 minutes of compression. Anticoagulant treatment is not in itself…

…right anterior (V1) to left lateral (V6), but regrettably, the limb leads are not. Instead, the limb leads are displayed in two groups of three…

…causes of left axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of extreme axis deviation Extreme axis deviation is rare. It is most likely due to misplaced…

…s, provided that other causes of left axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of extreme axis deviation Rare. Most likely due to misplaced limb electrodes…

…The contralateral side of the septum already cauterised — bilateral cautery carries a risk of perforation Anterior packing: Suspected base of skull fracture or a significant…

…rS complexes. Causes of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) LAFB may occur in persons who are otherwise healthy. The majority of those with LAFB, however…

…a lesion proximal to the first septal perforator of the left anterior descending artery was associated with lower five year survival than a more distal…

…with extensive anterior or transmural infarction, apical dysfunction, LV aneurysm formation, and reduced LV systolic function. The principal mechanisms are the combination of an abnormal…

…rare but catastrophic manifestation of acute coronary syndromes. The LMCA supplies a large myocardial territory through the left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LCx…

…dilation. Atrial dilation causes a significantly increased risk of atrial fibrillation. The increase in left atrial pressure may also propagate backward to the pulmonary circulation…

…these arteries branch of after the right marginal artery) may be given off by the RCA (and otherwise the LCx). Left anterior descending coronary artery…

…to −90° Left axis deviation — left anterior fascicular block, inferior infarction, hypertrophy +90° to +180° Right axis deviation — right ventricular strain, lateral infarction, left posterior…

…preferably anteroposteriorly : one anteriorly over the praecordium to the left of the sternum, the other on the back between the left scapula and the spine…

…septum. The left atrium is activated passively. The upper boundary of this circuit may be located either anterior or posterior to the superior vena cava…

…The intramyocardial segment is termed the tunnelled artery. The left anterior descending artery (LAD) is most commonly involved. The reported prevalence depends substantially on the…

…2], [5]. Localization: While often retrosternal, the pain may be localized to the left anterior chest and can radiate to the neck, shoulders, and arms…

…describe a reduction of blood flow to tissues and organs. A few decades later Cohnheim demonstrated that ligation of the left anterior descending artery in…

…age. Female sex. Hypertension. Absence of an adequate collateral circulation. A first or anterior infarction. Single vessel disease without collateral support. Chronic kidney disease, particularly…

…and Pathophysiology Posterior myocardial infarction is myocardial necrosis involving the posterior region of the left ventricle, usually as part of an inferoposterior or posterolateral infarction…

…and degree of myocardial involvement The anatomical territory, including anterior, inferoposterolateral or right ventricular involvement Pre existing abnormalities such as prior infarction, left bundle branch…

…devices. Electrode position (anterior posterior vs. antero lateral) does not affect success, but active compression of the pads lowers defibrillation thresholds and improves success, and…

…5th intercostal space along the anterior axillary line. Thoracostomy This method is generally deemed safer than using a needle due to reduced risk of injury…

…the left anterior aspect of the aortic bulb. The LMCA is short and branches into the two arteries supplying the anterior and left side of…

…into the bundle of His, which bifurcates into the right and left bundle branches. The left bundle branch further divides into the anterior and posterior…

…component of the cardiac conduction system and the vascular supply. RCA = right coronary artery. LAD = Left anterior descending coronary artery. LCX = left…

…the fibular artery can also be sought anterior to the lateral malleolus. Calculation: for each leg, the highest of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial…

…What usually ruins the examination is not the technique but the handling of the specimen — an aspirate that clots before the smears are made is…

…anterior chamber, best seen with the patient sitting up. 3. Ocular movements in all directions; pain on upward gaze may suggest an orbital floor fracture…

…or nerves, and the landmark — the posterior corner of the acromion — is easy to palpate even in a large patient. The anterior approach, just lateral…

…3–5 cm superior and medial to the anterior superior iliac spine and lateral to the lateral border of the rectus abdominis — this avoids the…

…status, the ASA class and the airway beforehand. Procedure Anterior shoulder dislocation The commonest of all dislocations. There is a hollow beneath the acromion, the…

…left main stem or proximal left anterior descending artery are more likely to affect flow because they supply a larger myocardial territory. The response of…

…130 msec in females , along with slurring or notching of the mid QRS in at least two left facing leads [7]. These stricter parameters correlate…

…than NSTEMI, and up to two thirds of infarctions are anterior. The risk of ACS is greatest during the third trimester and postpartum period, although…

Critical care Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiogenic shock is a state of inadequate tissue and end organ perfusion caused by cardiac insufficiency…

…reflow cycle repeatedly to the circumflex artery before a 60 minute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) would reduce the infarct size…

ECG Indications for pacemaker implantation Bradyarrhythmia is the main indication for the implantation of a pacemaker. When considering a permanent pacemaker for bradyarrhythmia, it is…

…Widening of the QRS complex – Anatomical or functional blocks in bundle branches or fascicles may block the impulse completely. Such a block in the left…

…cardinal symptom of coronary artery disease. It occurs when the myocardium becomes ischemic. It is typically described as a diffuse pain over the anterior chest…

…To address these challenges, researchers have developed ECG criteria designed to identify ischemia in the presence of left bundle branch block. The most widely recognized…

…of His, which bifurcates into the left bundle branch (LBB) and the right bundle branch (RBB). The left bundle branch further divides into the anterior…

…segments ( apical anterior , apical septal , apical inferior , and apical lateral ) and the apex (Table 2). Table 2. The 17 segments of the left ventricle Basal…

…to the left of the sternal border. V3: placed diagonally between V2 and V4. V4: placed on the left medioclavicular line between rib 5 and…

…segment depressions with prominent T waves in the majority of the chest leads may indicate an acute occlusion in the LAD (left anterior descending artery)…

…anterior , lateral and septal wall ( Figure 2 below). An inferior myocardial infarction refers to an infarction located in the inferior wall of the left ventricle…

…section (SAX, short axis view), the the ventricle is rather a crescent shaped appendage of the left ventricle. On longitudinal sections (A4C, apical four chamber…

…liver, lung or vessel lies in the path of the needle. Access Puncture site Direction Comment : : : : Subxiphoid 1–2 cm below and to the left