…status, the ASA class and the airway beforehand. Procedure Anterior shoulder dislocation The commonest of all dislocations. There is a hollow beneath the acromion, the…

…age. Female sex. Hypertension. Absence of an adequate collateral circulation. A first or anterior infarction. Single vessel disease without collateral support. Chronic kidney disease, particularly…

…Step 3 — anterior packing A compressed nasal tampon: 1. Coat the tampon with antibiotic ointment and trim it to the length of the nasal cavity…

…is subdivided into the following two fascicles: (1) the anterior (anterosuperior) fascicle , which delivers the electrical impulse to the anterior wall of the left ventricle…

…It normally consists of three leaflets (anterior, posterior and septal leaflet). The leaflets are attached to the subvalvular apparatus, consisting of the chordae tendineae and…

…A proximal lesion jeopardizes more myocardium than a distal lesion. In observational data, a lesion proximal to the first septal perforator of the left anterior…

…with extensive anterior or transmural infarction, apical dysfunction, LV aneurysm formation, and reduced LV systolic function. The principal mechanisms are the combination of an abnormal…

…is a rare but catastrophic manifestation of acute coronary syndromes. The LMCA supplies a large myocardial territory through the left anterior descending (LAD) and left…

…segments referred to as A1 (anterior segment), A2 (middle segment), and A3 (posterior segment) (Figure 1). The posterior leaflet of the mitral valve has a…

…right anterior (V1) to left lateral (V6), but regrettably, the limb leads are not. Instead, the limb leads are displayed in two groups of three…

…area ). The LAD supplies the large anteriosuperior wall (often referred to as the anterior wall ) and the apical part of the lateral wall . The LAD…

…to adults in sinus rhythm, recorded at a paper speed of 50 mm/s with 1 mV = 10 mm. At 50 mm/s a…

…without current symptoms, alternating bundle branch block in acute anterior infarction, and before drugs or procedures with a known risk of bradycardia. Transvenous pacing is…

…The upper boundary of this circuit may be located either anterior or posterior to the superior vena cava. A critical area of slow conduction is…

…Myocardial bridging is an anatomical variant in which a segment of an epicardial coronary artery passes through the myocardium rather than remaining on the epicardial…

…or patients with diabetes [4]. Associated Findings: The sudden onset of symptoms coupled with diaphoresis should always raise concern for a cardiovascular cause [4]. 2…

…describe a reduction of blood flow to tissues and organs. A few decades later Cohnheim demonstrated that ligation of the left anterior descending artery in…

…indirectly as reciprocal abnormalities in the anterior precordial leads. Acute myocardial ischaemia alters the resting membrane potential and action potential duration of affected myocardial cells…

…acute, evolving or chronic The severity of ischaemia and whether infarction has occurred The extent and degree of myocardial involvement The anatomical territory, including anterior…

…devices. Electrode position (anterior posterior vs. antero lateral) does not affect success, but active compression of the pads lowers defibrillation thresholds and improves success, and…

…5th intercostal space along the anterior axillary line. Thoracostomy This method is generally deemed safer than using a needle due to reduced risk of injury…

…Detailed diagram of coronary artery segments. CT = computerized tomography. LMCA = Left main coronary artery (5) LAD = left anterior descending artery: proximal segment…

…into the bundle of His, which bifurcates into the right and left bundle branches. The left bundle branch further divides into the anterior and posterior…

…Left anterior descending coronary artery. LCX = left circumflex coronary artery. Arterial blood supply of the conduction system Figure 1 presents the components of the…

…the fibular artery can also be sought anterior to the lateral malleolus. Calculation: for each leg, the highest of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial…

…What usually ruins the examination is not the technique but the handling of the specimen — an aspirate that clots before the smears are made is…

…the visual acuity before anything else is done. The second most important is to look for signs of perforation — Seidel's sign, an irregular pupil…

…their side with the knee slightly flexed. Place the palm on the greater trochanter with the index finger towards the anterior superior iliac spine and…

…sterile gauze, and a fenestrated drape for injection. A needle of 0.8–1.2 × 50 mm for large joints (knee, shoulder), 0.5–0…

…3–5 cm superior and medial to the anterior superior iliac spine and lateral to the lateral border of the rectus abdominis — this avoids the…

…stem or proximal left anterior descending artery are more likely to affect flow because they supply a larger myocardial territory. The response of the coronary…

…is more frequently associated with anterior infarction than with inferoposterior infarction [4]. Myocardial Necrosis : The occurrence of LBBB (as a form of bifascicular block) is…

…than NSTEMI, and up to two thirds of infarctions are anterior. The risk of ACS is greatest during the third trimester and postpartum period, although…

Critical care Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiogenic shock is a state of inadequate tissue and end organ perfusion caused by cardiac insufficiency…

…of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation Left bundle branch block. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Inferior infarction. Pre excitation. Left anterior…

…of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation Left bundle branch block. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Inferior infarction. Pre excitation. Left anterior…

…reflow cycle repeatedly to the circumflex artery before a 60 minute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) would reduce the infarct size…

ECG Indications for pacemaker implantation Bradyarrhythmia is the main indication for the implantation of a pacemaker. When considering a permanent pacemaker for bradyarrhythmia, it is…

…the right bundle branch at the level of the origin of the anterior papillary muscle. A network of Purkinje fibers sprouts out from the bundle…

…cardinal symptom of coronary artery disease. It occurs when the myocardium becomes ischemic. It is typically described as a diffuse pain over the anterior chest…

…There are numerous causes of LBBB, such as heart failure, structural heart disease, fibrosis of the conduction system and acute myocardial infarction (particularly anterior STEMI)…

…of His, which bifurcates into the left bundle branch (LBB) and the right bundle branch (RBB). The left bundle branch further divides into the anterior…

…segments ( apical anterior , apical septal , apical inferior , and apical lateral ) and the apex (Table 2). Table 2. The 17 segments of the left ventricle Basal…

…proximally on the upper arm. Placement of chest (precordial) electrodes are not changed but additional leads may be attached in children under the age of…

…segment depressions with prominent T waves in the majority of the chest leads may indicate an acute occlusion in the LAD (left anterior descending artery)…

…also supplies the inferior left ventricular wall in over 90% of all individuals. Hence, a proximal occlusion (in the RCA) which cuts off blood flow…

…the location of the ventricle in the thorax. It is localized immediately behind the sternum and thus is the most anteriorly located part of the…

…pressure Marked respiratory variation in mitral and tricuspid inflow The echocardiographic counterpart of pulsus paradoxus Contraindications In overt tamponade with shock there are no absolute…