…Predisposing features Risk features vary by lesion but include: Older age. Female sex. Hypertension. Absence of an adequate collateral circulation. A first or anterior infarction…

…status, the ASA class and the airway beforehand. Procedure Anterior shoulder dislocation The commonest of all dislocations. There is a hollow beneath the acromion, the…

…Step 3 — anterior packing A compressed nasal tampon: 1. Coat the tampon with antibiotic ointment and trim it to the length of the nasal cavity…

…is subdivided into the following two fascicles: (1) the anterior (anterosuperior) fascicle , which delivers the electrical impulse to the anterior wall of the left ventricle…

…It normally consists of three leaflets (anterior, posterior and septal leaflet). The leaflets are attached to the subvalvular apparatus, consisting of the chordae tendineae and…

…lesion proximal to the first septal perforator of the left anterior descending artery was associated with lower five year survival than a more distal lesion…

…with extensive anterior or transmural infarction, apical dysfunction, LV aneurysm formation, and reduced LV systolic function. The principal mechanisms are the combination of an abnormal…

…is a rare but catastrophic manifestation of acute coronary syndromes. The LMCA supplies a large myocardial territory through the left anterior descending (LAD) and left…

…segments referred to as A1 (anterior segment), A2 (middle segment), and A3 (posterior segment) (Figure 1). The posterior leaflet of the mitral valve has a…

…right anterior (V1) to left lateral (V6), but regrettably, the limb leads are not. Instead, the limb leads are displayed in two groups of three…

…area ). The LAD supplies the large anteriosuperior wall (often referred to as the anterior wall ) and the apical part of the lateral wall . The LAD…

…to adults in sinus rhythm, recorded at a paper speed of 50 mm/s with 1 mV = 10 mm. At 50 mm/s a…

…without current symptoms, alternating bundle branch block in acute anterior infarction, and before drugs or procedures with a known risk of bradycardia. Transvenous pacing is…

…The upper boundary of this circuit may be located either anterior or posterior to the superior vena cava. A critical area of slow conduction is…

…compression and a Venturi or “suction” effect have been proposed as mechanisms of inducible ischaemia. The functional impact depends on the bridge’s thickness, length…

…or patients with diabetes [4]. Associated Findings: The sudden onset of symptoms coupled with diaphoresis should always raise concern for a cardiovascular cause [4]. 2…

…describe a reduction of blood flow to tissues and organs. A few decades later Cohnheim demonstrated that ligation of the left anterior descending artery in…

…indirectly as reciprocal abnormalities in the anterior precordial leads. Acute myocardial ischaemia alters the resting membrane potential and action potential duration of affected myocardial cells…

…acute, evolving or chronic The severity of ischaemia and whether infarction has occurred The extent and degree of myocardial involvement The anatomical territory, including anterior…

…a controlled "dose" of electricity can immediately and safely restore sinus rhythm, obviating slow drug titration and rendering the supraventricular versus ventricular distinction less critical…

…5th intercostal space along the anterior axillary line. Thoracostomy This method is generally deemed safer than using a needle due to reduced risk of injury…

…Detailed diagram of coronary artery segments. CT = computerized tomography. LMCA = Left main coronary artery (5) LAD = left anterior descending artery: proximal segment…

…into the bundle of His, which bifurcates into the right and left bundle branches. The left bundle branch further divides into the anterior and posterior…

…right bundle branch then runs deeper into the myocardium, where roughly one third of its length is located. It then runs closer to the endocardium…

…the fibular artery can also be sought anterior to the lateral malleolus. Calculation: for each leg, the highest of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial…

…What usually ruins the examination is not the technique but the handling of the specimen — an aspirate that clots before the smears are made is…

…the visual acuity before anything else is done. The second most important is to look for signs of perforation — Seidel's sign, an irregular pupil…

…needle — alcohol carried in with the needle stings. Needles of the correct length (see the table), a syringe of the correct size, a sharps bin…

…or nerves, and the landmark — the posterior corner of the acromion — is easy to palpate even in a large patient. The anterior approach, just lateral…

…3–5 cm superior and medial to the anterior superior iliac spine and lateral to the lateral border of the rectus abdominis — this avoids the…

…of functional severity. Angiographic interpretation is affected by interobserver variability, and the relationship between diameter stenosis and haemodynamic significance is weak, particularly for intermediate lesions…

…130 msec in females , along with slurring or notching of the mid QRS in at least two left facing leads [7]. These stricter parameters correlate…

…than NSTEMI, and up to two thirds of infarctions are anterior. The risk of ACS is greatest during the third trimester and postpartum period, although…

…and less common causes such as severe pre existing valvular disease or excessive beta blocker or calcium channel blocker exposure. The incidence of cardiogenic shock…

…of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation Left bundle branch block. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Inferior infarction. Pre excitation. Left anterior…

…of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation Left bundle branch block. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Inferior infarction. Pre excitation. Left anterior…

…reflow cycle repeatedly to the circumflex artery before a 60 minute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) would reduce the infarct size…

…cause permanent bradycardia, particularly anterior infarctions). Viral myocarditis. Lyme disease. Rheumatic fever. Endocarditis. Heart surgery (can cause permanent bradycardia). Hypothyroidism. Medullar lesion. Increased intracranial pressure…

…the right bundle branch at the level of the origin of the anterior papillary muscle. A network of Purkinje fibers sprouts out from the bundle…

…cardinal symptom of coronary artery disease. It occurs when the myocardium becomes ischemic. It is typically described as a diffuse pain over the anterior chest…

…There are numerous causes of LBBB, such as heart failure, structural heart disease, fibrosis of the conduction system and acute myocardial infarction (particularly anterior STEMI)…

…of His, which bifurcates into the left bundle branch (LBB) and the right bundle branch (RBB). The left bundle branch further divides into the anterior…

…segments ( apical anterior , apical septal , apical inferior , and apical lateral ) and the apex (Table 2). Table 2. The 17 segments of the left ventricle Basal…

…The ECG grid. The x axis represents time and y axis represents amplitude of the electrical signals generated in the myocardium. The same ECG grid…

…segment depressions with prominent T waves in the majority of the chest leads may indicate an acute occlusion in the LAD (left anterior descending artery)…

…anterior , lateral and septal wall ( Figure 2 below). An inferior myocardial infarction refers to an infarction located in the inferior wall of the left ventricle…

…the location of the ventricle in the thorax. It is localized immediately behind the sternum and thus is the most anteriorly located part of the…

…pressure Marked respiratory variation in mitral and tricuspid inflow The echocardiographic counterpart of pulsus paradoxus Contraindications In overt tamponade with shock there are no absolute…