…and left axis deviation (LAD) Causes of right axis deviation Normal in newborns. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary embolism). Chronic cor pulmonale (COPD…

…the fibular artery can also be sought anterior to the lateral malleolus. Calculation: for each leg, the highest of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial…

…and left axis deviation (LAD) Causes of right axis deviation Normal in newborns. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary embolism). Chronic cor pulmonale (COPD…

…cold periphery Almost always Pulsus paradoxus above 10 mmHg A fall in systolic blood pressure during inspiration; one of the most useful signs Low voltage…

…or as a solution has a good effect in anterior bleeding. Raise the chair so that the patient's nose is at your eye level…

…is subdivided into the following two fascicles: (1) the anterior (anterosuperior) fascicle , which delivers the electrical impulse to the anterior wall of the left ventricle…

…It normally consists of three leaflets (anterior, posterior and septal leaflet). The leaflets are attached to the subvalvular apparatus, consisting of the chordae tendineae and…

…of at least 50%. Severe proximal disease of both the proximal left anterior descending and proximal left circumflex arteries may constitute a functional equivalent of…

…embolic manifestations. The source material does not provide a detailed catalogue of specific embolic syndromes. Clinical suspicion should be heightened after: Anterior STEMI. A large…

…is a rare but catastrophic manifestation of acute coronary syndromes. The LMCA supplies a large myocardial territory through the left anterior descending (LAD) and left…

…segments referred to as A1 (anterior segment), A2 (middle segment), and A3 (posterior segment) (Figure 1). The posterior leaflet of the mitral valve has a…

…right anterior (V1) to left lateral (V6), but regrettably, the limb leads are not. Instead, the limb leads are displayed in two groups of three…

…area ). The LAD supplies the large anteriosuperior wall (often referred to as the anterior wall ) and the apical part of the lateral wall . The LAD…

…recorded at a paper speed of 50 mm/s with 1 mV = 10 mm. At 50 mm/s a small square (1 mm) corresponds…

…without current symptoms, alternating bundle branch block in acute anterior infarction, and before drugs or procedures with a known risk of bradycardia. Transvenous pacing is…

…CTI) at the inferior boundary, and ascends in a caudocranial direction along the interatrial septum. The left atrium is activated passively. The upper boundary of…

…Myocardial bridging is an anatomical variant in which a segment of an epicardial coronary artery passes through the myocardium rather than remaining on the epicardial…

…Lathundar Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Clinical Overview The evaluation of acute chest discomfort requires a systematic differential diagnosis, as the syndrome associated with…

…the ischemic area!) [2]. Take home message: in the setting of acute coronary syndromes, be quick to administer antithrombotic medications and reperfusion. Refer to G…

…age. Female sex. Hypertension. Absence of an adequate collateral circulation. A first or anterior infarction. Single vessel disease without collateral support. Chronic kidney disease, particularly…

…line diagnostic test in suspected acute coronary syndrome. It should be obtained immediately at first medical contact and interpreted within a target of 10 minutes…

…or surgical illness. Events may occur at any time, although clustering in the morning within several hours of awakening has been described. Atypical and painless…

…devices. Electrode position (anterior posterior vs. antero lateral) does not affect success, but active compression of the pads lowers defibrillation thresholds and improves success, and…

CPR Pneumothorax Pneumothorax is characterized by the presence of free air in the thoracic cavity. While this can occasionally be benign and manifest even in…

…Detailed diagram of coronary artery segments. CT = computerized tomography. LMCA = Left main coronary artery (5) LAD = left anterior descending artery: proximal segment…

…LBBB and RBBB on 12 lead ECG at paper speed 50 mm/s. Figure 4. RBBB and LBBB. Electrophysiology of right bundle branch block (RBBB…

…during its course through the interventricular septum. It starts to branch off at the anterior papillary muscle's origin. The interventricular septum obtains Purkinje fibers…

…Make the smears immediately at the bedside from the first aspirate, which should be small — a few tenths of a millilitre, at most about 0…

…teardrop shaped or peaked pupil suggests perforation. Look for hyphaema — blood with a fluid level in the anterior chamber, best seen with the patient sitting…

…a wound, scar tissue, a tattoo or skin disease at the injection site. Known hypersensitivity to the preparation. Intramuscular injection in marked coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia…

…or refrain. Bacteraemia without suspicion of joint infection (relative; aspiration can seed a sterile joint). Marked coagulopathy or an anticoagulant at a therapeutic dose (relative;…

…3–5 cm superior and medial to the anterior superior iliac spine and lateral to the lateral border of the rectus abdominis — this avoids the…

…status, the ASA class and the airway beforehand. Procedure Anterior shoulder dislocation The commonest of all dislocations. There is a hollow beneath the acromion, the…

…or proximal left anterior descending artery are more likely to affect flow because they supply a larger myocardial territory. The response of the coronary circulation…

…130 msec in females , along with slurring or notching of the mid QRS in at least two left facing leads [7]. These stricter parameters correlate…

…two thirds of infarctions are anterior. The risk of ACS is greatest during the third trimester and postpartum period, although SCAD may occur at any…

…observational databases report approximately 5–10%. Only about 10% of patients who develop shock present with it at hospital admission; approximately 90% deteriorate during hospitalization…

…reflow cycle repeatedly to the circumflex artery before a 60 minute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) would reduce the infarct size…

…should be targeted at that cause. With regards to medications, the clinical need must be reconsidered if bradycardia is a side effect of the medication…

…off from the right bundle branch at the level of the origin of the anterior papillary muscle. A network of Purkinje fibers sprouts out from…

…at the same level of myocardial workload and the symptoms disappear within minutes after stopping the activity. The greater the stenosis, the lower the level…

…at best, suboptimal. Clinical judgment remains a more reliable tool for evaluating ischemia in these cases, a point emphasized in recent guidelines. Implications of left…

…of His, which bifurcates into the left bundle branch (LBB) and the right bundle branch (RBB). The left bundle branch further divides into the anterior…

…segments ( apical anterior , apical septal , apical inferior , and apical lateral ) and the apex (Table 2). Table 2. The 17 segments of the left ventricle Basal…

…5 and 6. V5: placed on the anterior axillary line, on level with V4. V6: placed on level with V4 and V5, in the mid…

…segment depressions with prominent T waves in the majority of the chest leads may indicate an acute occlusion in the LAD (left anterior descending artery)…

…anterior , lateral and septal wall ( Figure 2 below). An inferior myocardial infarction refers to an infarction located in the inferior wall of the left ventricle…

…the location of the ventricle in the thorax. It is localized immediately behind the sternum and thus is the most anteriorly located part of the…