…tachycardias actually originate from the atria but the QRS complexes become wide due to abnormal ventricular depolarization (e.g sinus tachycardia with simultaneous left bundle…

…adult Abnormal relaxation (grade 1 dysfunction) Pseudonormal (grade 2 dysfunction) Reversible restrictive filling (grade 3 dysfunction) Irreversible restrictive filling (grade 4 dysfunction) E/A ratio…

…ms 450 ms 470 ms Table 1 . Reference intervals for QTc duration according to Bazett's formula. Note that a QTc interval 480 is always…

…severe bleeding. Particular caution is required for: Patients aged ≥ 75 years. Patients with a tendency to bleed (e.g., due to recent trauma, surgery, gastrointestinal…

…are taken from the recommendations of Strama Stockholm for the empirical antibiotic treatment of adults in hospital and in residential care homes (SÄBO) 2025/2026…

…half the adult dose and lengthen the interval Liver failure A reduced dose and a longer interval for all opioids Obesity Dose according to effect…

…the newborn differ markedly from adult reference values and normalise gradually through childhood. The interpretation is made in the same systematic way as in adults…

…in adult patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or a prior heart attack and a high risk of developing an atherothrombotic event. Contraindications Hypersensitivity to…

…declined over time due to the advent of more efficacious agents with wider therapeutic to toxic windows, and its routine use in adult patients is…

…according to adult recommendations. Electrode pads should be positioned as standard, and defibrillation energy levels should remain consistent with those used for non pregnant adults…

Procedurer The most serious transfusion accidents rarely stem from laboratory errors but from the wrong blood being given to the wrong patient — a mislabelled tube…

Procedurer The doses below apply to adults unless otherwise stated, and paediatric doses are given per kilogram with the stated maximum. Always check against the…

…Data from the TRED HF trial demonstrated that withdrawal of guideline directed medical therapy (GDMT) in these patients leads to a high rate of relapse…

…years the rate is the same as in adults. These age variations in heart rate are due to variations in the activity of the autonomic…

…in pediatric patients is slightly different from adults, due to obvious anatomical differences. There are, however, no differences regarding the ECG grid. As in adults…

…possible due to the small distance between the heart and the ultrasound transducer, and because less air filled lung tissue covers the heart. In adults…

…circumference Midpoint of the upper arm < 23 cm suggests undernutrition in adults Calf circumference Largest circumference < 31 cm is a screening marker for…

…G in an adult; a smaller size in children. A set with an integrated guidewire (Seldinger technique) helps when the vessel is difficult to puncture…

…during airway management , and both are predictable. Indications Inability to protect the airway: reduced level of consciousness, loss of pharyngeal reflexes, vomiting with a risk…

Procedurer Emptying the stomach has gone from routine to exception. Activated charcoal — in Sweden usually called medicinal charcoal — is the first line measure in decontamination…

…oxygen, and the ability to lay the patient down. Injection Needle Angle Maximum volume per site : : : : Deltoid, adult 23–25 G, 25 mm 90° 1…

…gel type have no cuff to inflate and are chosen on weight alone. When in doubt between two sizes in an adult: choose the larger…

…pressure. A value of around 0.9 to 1.0 or higher in an adult trauma patient suggests significant hypovolaemia and an increased transfusion requirement…

…turned has not finished being titrated. Expect an opioid naive adult to need 5–15 mg of morphine in total. If more than that is…

…kg intravenously in symptomatic salicylate poisoning. For an adult this corresponds to the order of 100–200 mL of the 50 mg/mL solution. 6…

…disease appears more likely to develop in the arterial segment proximal to the bridge, particularly in older adults. Consequently, an adult with bridging and a…

…is an LDL like circulating lipoprotein particle. It contains one molecule of apolipoprotein B covalently attached to apolipoprotein(a). The length of apolipoprotein(a) varies…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Lathundar The Cardiac Electrical Axis: Definition, Clinical Implications, and Deviations Definition and Mechanism of the Electrical Axis The heart's…

…3 mg/kg Body weight 50 kg: Adult dosage. Adverse effects Adverse effects typically persist <10 seconds due to the short half life of adenosine…

…activity–in a young adult with T wave inversions in V1–V4, or other ECG changes (see below) should lead to a suspicion of ARVC…

…0.4 0.8 2.1 Table 1. Survival in out of hospital cardiac arrest due to external causes ( Kitamura et al). References DeBehnke DJ…

…the anterior axillary line. Thoracostomy This method is generally deemed safer than using a needle due to reduced risk of injury. Thoracostomy should be performed…

…a dose of 30 ml/kg. Should fluid resuscitation fail to maintain a mean arterial pressure (MAP) above 65 mmHg, consider the initiation of vasopressor…

…Due to a genetic mutation in the RYR1 receptor, resulting in persistent muscle contraction upon administration of halogenated anesthetic agents. As an idiosyncratic response to…

…challenging to drain using pericardiocentesis. In cases of cardiac tamponade, conventional chest compressions are ineffective. This is explained by the elevated intrapericardial pressure due to…

…Triedman et al ). According to the European Society for Cardiology, 2800 adults per 1 million individuals have congenital heart defects, and half of them have…

…health effects of hypertension are devastating. Due to the simplicity of diagnosing hypertension and the effectiveness of antihypertensive treatments, targeting hypertension is the single most…

…de pointes) due to prolonged QT interval The QT interval is the time interval from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of…

…A patient who has become calm, quiet in the chest and stopped struggling may be about to stop breathing. Diminishing wheeze means improvement only if…

Akutsjukvård Psykiatri Lathundar Delirium in older adults: quick reference A quick reference for ward and on call physicians: recognise hypoactive delirium, stabilise the patient, work…

…R wave progression is checked in V1–V6. The electrical axis should be −30° to 90°. Normal values and differential diagnoses Prolonged QRS duration: left…

…Patient priorities and preferences Patients who are fit and independent generally benefit from guideline directed blood pressure treatment similar to that used in younger adults…

Referensvärden The normal values below apply to adults in sinus rhythm, recorded at a paper speed of 50 mm/s with 1 mV = 10…

Info [calc_vernakalant] Indications for vernakalant Vernakalant (Brinavess) is indicated in adults for chemical conversion of recent onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is…

…drug toxicity In adolescents and young adults, intoxication events leading to cardiac arrest are notably prevalent, primarily due to the misuse of prescription medications and…

Neurologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar Definition and aims of treatment Convulsive status epilepticus in adults is present with: an ongoing generalised tonic clonic seizure lasting at least…

…pulmonic) regurgitation Pulmonary regurgitation is also called pulmonic regurgitation . The majority of all adults exhibit a small pulmonary regurgitation, which is considered a normal finding…

Infektionssjukdomar Akutsjukvård Lathundar Purpose and scope A quick reference for the doctor on call faced with suspected sepsis in adults: rapid recognition, microbiological sampling, empirical…

…based interventions. Hypertension and vascular disease Hypertension is the most common modifiable cardiovascular risk factor in older adults. It contributes to vascular injury, accelerates atherosclerosis…

…by the left ventricle. This explains why leads V4–V6 normally displays large R waves in adults (refer to The Normal ECG). The fetal circulation…

…by the left ventricle. This explains why leads V4–V6 normally displays large R waves in adults (refer to The Normal ECG). The fetal circulation…

…around 46 % that at least one will fall outside. The ranges below are guide values for adults. The method and the laboratory determine the range —…

…quick reference is intended primarily for adults and summarises the order in which measures are taken and the principles that are common to all protocols…

…caused by stenosis or occlusion of the aorta or arteries supplying the limbs. In adults over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause…

…versa ( Figure 17 ). Otherwise there is discordance (opposite directions of QRS and T) which might be due to pathology. A negative T wave is also…

…has remained stable. New data suggest that the incidence of heart failure among young adults has increased in recent years ( Nabel et al, Savarese et…

…has remained stable. New data suggest that the incidence of heart failure among young adults has increased in recent years ( Nabel et al, Savarese et…

…to as tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy , can be caused by any tachyarrhythmia leading to prolonged periods of rapid ventricular rate (Table 1). Children and healthy adults…

…for dialysis? AKI occurs in about one fifth of adults during a hospital episode in international studies and is linked to substantial mortality, even though…

…and biopsy in adults. Here the posterior part of the iliac crest is thick, red marrow is abundant, and the distance to vessels and abdominal…