…failure is staggering, affecting an estimated 64 million individuals worldwide. In developed nations, the prevalence of HF is approximately 1–2% in the general adult…

Procedurer The doses below apply to adults unless otherwise stated, and paediatric doses are given per kilogram with the stated maximum. Always check against the…

…heart failure, digoxin improves hemodynamics without increasing heart rate or decreasing blood pressure, making it a consideration for patients with low blood pressure secondary to…

…half the adult dose and lengthen the interval Liver failure A reduced dose and a longer interval for all opioids Obesity Dose according to effect…

…turned has not finished being titrated. Expect an opioid naive adult to need 5–15 mg of morphine in total. If more than that is…

…heart failure, and weakest with ischaemic stroke and cardiovascular or all cause mortality. Risk rises gradually from approximately 30 mg/dL (62 nmol/L) to…

…in adult patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or a prior heart attack and a high risk of developing an atherothrombotic event. Contraindications Hypersensitivity to…

…kg intravenously in symptomatic salicylate poisoning. For an adult this corresponds to the order of 100–200 mL of the 50 mg/mL solution. 6…

…is required in renal failure or renal replacement therapy. Pediatric patients Body weight < 50 kg: Initial dose: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg…

…activity–in a young adult with T wave inversions in V1–V4, or other ECG changes (see below) should lead to a suspicion of ARVC…

…Triedman et al ). According to the European Society for Cardiology, 2800 adults per 1 million individuals have congenital heart defects, and half of them have…

…Waagstein, Hjalmarsson, and Swedberg proposed using beta blockers – which have negative inotropic and negative chronotropic effects – to treat heart failure, they were met with skepticism…

…Waagstein, Hjalmarsson, and Swedberg proposed using beta blockers – which have negative inotropic and negative chronotropic effects – to treat heart failure, they were met with skepticism…

Akutsjukvård Psykiatri Lathundar Delirium in older adults: quick reference A quick reference for ward and on call physicians: recognise hypoactive delirium, stabilise the patient, work…

…A patient who has become calm, quiet in the chest and stopped struggling may be about to stop breathing. Diminishing wheeze means improvement only if…

…Patient priorities and preferences Patients who are fit and independent generally benefit from guideline directed blood pressure treatment similar to that used in younger adults…

Procedurer In acute circulatory failure it is not the number of cannulae that matters but the flow per unit time . A large bore, short cannula…

Info [calc_vernakalant] Indications for vernakalant Vernakalant (Brinavess) is indicated in adults for chemical conversion of recent onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is…

…quick reference is intended primarily for adults and summarises the order in which measures are taken and the principles that are common to all protocols…

…of myocardial infarction, stroke, end stage renal disease, and death may be two to six fold higher in affected adults. True, apparent, and pseudo resistant…

…during a generalised seizure. In prolonged status the initial sympathetic response can give way to hypotension, hypoxia, hypoglycaemia and circulatory failure [5]. Plasma glucose immediately…

…based interventions. Hypertension and vascular disease Hypertension is the most common modifiable cardiovascular risk factor in older adults. It contributes to vascular injury, accelerates atherosclerosis…

…heart failure Haemodynamic stability Diabetes status Renal dysfunction and other important comorbidities Frailty Liver cirrhosis Cognitive function and life expectancy, especially in older adults Previous…

…Harmful neurohormonal pathways are activated, similar to those seen in heart failure. A thorough review on the pathophysiology of tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy is provided by…

…chest findings, MAP and the response to every intervention Within 60 min Contact intensive care in shock, rapidly progressive organ dysfunction, respiratory failure, impaired consciousness…

…incremental effects. Some activity is preferable to none, and benefit is observed below the conventional minimum target. Recommended Activity Volume and Intensity For adults, the…

…around 46 % that at least one will fall outside. The ranges below are guide values for adults. The method and the laboratory determine the range —…

…creatinine) The first choice for eGFR in adults Cystatin C based eGFR With an atypical muscle mass, or to confirm a creatinine based value The…

…prediction is particularly relevant in adults with elevated blood pressure (BP), in whom absolute cardiovascular risk varies considerably according to age and the presence of…

…increased, relatively autonomous from angiotensin II and plasma potassium, and resistant to suppression by sodium loading. It is the most common form of secondary hypertension…

…is highly likely, antibiotics must be given immediately [3]. This quick reference applies chiefly to adults with neutropenia related to cancer treatment. Children, pregnant women…

…periods, but chronic coronary disease can progress or destabilize abruptly, leading to an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Clinical manifestations may therefore change over time, including…

…precise ventilation or severe respiratory failure. A peripheral venous blood gas is easier to obtain and can often be used for an initial assessment of…

…mmHg suggests vascular disease, and the arm with the higher reading is used thereafter Two to three measurements one minute apart, taking the mean of…

…A continuous infusion or repeated doses, according to the local protocol Renal failure The insulin requirement falls . Reduce the dose and measure more frequently Acute…

…kidney disease Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), with or without diabetes Heart failure across the ejection fraction spectrum, according to the guideline key…

…are reported more frequently in females, older adults and people with diabetes. Ischaemic heart disease may also present without prominent discomfort through heart failure, arrhythmias…

…pulmonic) regurgitation Pulmonary regurgitation is also called pulmonic regurgitation . The majority of all adults exhibit a small pulmonary regurgitation, which is considered a normal finding…

…tachycardias actually originate from the atria but the QRS complexes become wide due to abnormal ventricular depolarization (e.g sinus tachycardia with simultaneous left bundle…

…adult Abnormal relaxation (grade 1 dysfunction) Pseudonormal (grade 2 dysfunction) Reversible restrictive filling (grade 3 dysfunction) Irreversible restrictive filling (grade 4 dysfunction) E/A ratio…

…ms 450 ms 470 ms Table 1 . Reference intervals for QTc duration according to Bazett's formula. Note that a QTc interval 480 is always…

…adult patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including: Unstable angina (UA) Non ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) This applies to…

…are taken from the recommendations of Strama Stockholm for the empirical antibiotic treatment of adults in hospital and in residential care homes (SÄBO) 2025/2026…

…the newborn differ markedly from adult reference values and normalise gradually through childhood. The interpretation is made in the same systematic way as in adults…

…according to adult recommendations. Electrode pads should be positioned as standard, and defibrillation energy levels should remain consistent with those used for non pregnant adults…

Procedurer The most serious transfusion accidents rarely stem from laboratory errors but from the wrong blood being given to the wrong patient — a mislabelled tube…

…morphology, normal findings, normal variants, etc – from adult electrocardiograms. It is crucial to be familiar with normal findings, normal variants, and pathology in neonates, infants…

…in pediatric patients is slightly different from adults, due to obvious anatomical differences. There are, however, no differences regarding the ECG grid. As in adults…

…images in adult TTE are obtained with the patient positioned in the left lateral decubitus position. In this position, the heart comes closer to the…

…circumference Midpoint of the upper arm < 23 cm suggests undernutrition in adults Calf circumference Largest circumference < 31 cm is a screening marker for…

…G in an adult; a smaller size in children. A set with an integrated guidewire (Seldinger technique) helps when the vessel is difficult to puncture…

…during airway management , and both are predictable. Indications Inability to protect the airway: reduced level of consciousness, loss of pharyngeal reflexes, vomiting with a risk…

Procedurer Emptying the stomach has gone from routine to exception. Activated charcoal — in Sweden usually called medicinal charcoal — is the first line measure in decontamination…

…oxygen, and the ability to lay the patient down. Injection Needle Angle Maximum volume per site : : : : Deltoid, adult 23–25 G, 25 mm 90° 1…

…gel type have no cuff to inflate and are chosen on weight alone. When in doubt between two sizes in an adult: choose the larger…

…pressure. A value of around 0.9 to 1.0 or higher in an adult trauma patient suggests significant hypovolaemia and an increased transfusion requirement…

…disease appears more likely to develop in the arterial segment proximal to the bridge, particularly in older adults. Consequently, an adult with bridging and a…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Lathundar The Cardiac Electrical Axis: Definition, Clinical Implications, and Deviations Definition and Mechanism of the Electrical Axis The heart's…

…3 8 minutes, pulseless electrical activity (PEA) develops. PEA progresses to asystole within minutes, as outlined in the studies by DeBehnke et al. and Safar…

…benign pneumothorax, positive pressure ventilation can precipitate a tension pneumothorax, leading to circulatory collapse. Diagnosis of a tension pneumothorax can be made via auscultation, where…