…no reflow, structural and functional impairments sustain vascular obstruction. Endothelial dysfunction triggers leukocyte and platelet activation, while thrombotic debris may worsen the obstruction. Furthermore, cardiomyocyte…

…a unit is selected electronically against the blood group Standard for planned transfusion in a patient without irregular red cell antibodies Serological crossmatch (MG test…

…pool, numerous macrophages or foam cells, and a thin fibrous cap. Disruption of the cap exposes the lipid core and extracellular matrix to circulating blood…

…impaired consciousness, a rising lactate or a worsening acidosis. An assessed need for at least 4 units of red cells within 1 hour. An actual…

…thawing, that a blister (sometimes a blood blister) is to be expected, that the area will be red and weeping for a week or so…

…obesity or when the supine position is necessary. After previous punctures: change side, and avoid irradiated fields. Preparation and equipment Informed consent, current full blood…

…and mortality The strongest long term evidence supports Mediterranean or DASH style patterns that emphasize minimally processed foods and healthy fats while limiting ultraprocessed foods…

…visible even when it lies buried in the QRS complex or the T wave. The whole value of the investigation lies in the ratio between…

…agents or physical exercise. Pharmacologic agents include dipyridamole, adenosine, regadenoson, and dobutamine. Dobutamine increases myocardial oxygen demand, while dipyridamole, adenosine, and regadenoson create blood flow…

…full blood count, electrolytes, creatinine, coagulation tests and troponin are taken in parallel but must not delay treatment in a patient without suspected coagulopathy or…

…assessed. 3. Take an arterial blood gas in respiratory compromise, low saturation, suspected carbon dioxide retention, reduced consciousness, or when NIV is being considered. 4…

…that these parameters are highly interdependent and rather complex. Indeed, myocardial mechanics constitute a whole research field. Cardiac function is also dependent on circulatory, pulmonary…

…the creatinine and mask the deterioration, while dehydration can concentrate it. In older, malnourished, amputee or muscle wasted patients, an apparently normal creatinine may therefore…

…Blood and colloids flow more slowly, and every additional length of tubing, every tap and every filter reduces the flow further — it is the whole…

…Preparation and equipment Hand disinfection; gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An alcohol or chlorhexidine swab. Let the skin dry completely before…

…the body temperature to 33 °C has not been shown to improve survival or the neurological outcome compared with keeping the patient normothermic — but fever…

…and from secondary prevention, which addresses patients with established disease to reduce recurrent events and mortality. Risk factor modification is therefore directed at identifying individuals…

…with progressive increases in systolic blood pressure (SBP), while diastolic blood pressure (DBP) rises less steeply and may remain stable or decline later in life…

…disease or previous thrombotic microangiopathy. Antidepressants can affect the blood pressure in several ways. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors can cause a hypertensive crisis through interactions, while…

…ischemic areas of the myocardium by highlighting regions with reduced blood flow. Radiotracers for SPECT Technetium 99m (Sestamibi or Tetrofosmin): With a six hour half…

…clinical assessment must determine whether immediate blood pressure lowering treatment is required. Patients with suggestive symptoms, signs or a medical history indicating possible secondary hypertension…

…begin before the blood alcohol concentration has reached zero, and several syndromes can overlap [1,4]. Time after a clear reduction or the last intake…

…a distinct disease. It identifies patients whose blood pressure remains uncontrolled despite intensive antihypertensive treatment and who therefore require assessment for pseudo resistance, secondary hypertension…

…hypertension is elevated blood pressure attributable to a specific, identifiable underlying cause. It should be considered in every patient with newly diagnosed or referred hypertension…

…while the typical local signs of inflammation may be faint or absent. Take cultures immediately, but never let sampling, imaging, the blood count or contact…

…receptor agonist. • Lowers blood pressure while maintaining or increasing kidney perfusion. Effects Dopamine 1 receptor agonists lower systemic blood pressure and increase renal perfusion. Time…

…usually on a treadmill, while symptoms, a 12 lead ECG, heart rate and blood pressure are monitored. The test is generally symptom limited and is…

…clinical syndrome in which the heart cannot provide blood flow commensurate with the body’s requirements, or can do so only at the expense of…

…blood at a rate appropriate to tissue requirements unless filling pressures are elevated. The syndrome is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion or…

…and Pathophysiology Angina with non obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA) describes anginal symptoms in patients whose epicardial coronary arteries are normal or show no obstructive disease…

…manifestation is hypertension, often severe or resistant to treatment. Some patients have controlled blood pressure only while taking four or more antihypertensive agents. Possible clinical…

…that the aortic valve leaks during diastole, such that blood regurgitates back from the aorta into the left ventricle. This results in volume overload in…

…is not an absolute rule. While it often holds true for cardiac arrests caused by chronic or acute ischemic heart disease, it is often not…

…4th or 5th intercostal space along the anterior axillary line. Thoracostomy This method is generally deemed safer than using a needle due to reduced risk…

…risk of aspiration, or failure that is not rapidly reversed by an antidote B Respiratory rate, saturation, chest movement and a blood gas. Ventilate by…

…reduction in walking distance before claudication, accompanied by moderate pain or paresthesia, while sensory and motor function remain preserved. The duration and progression of symptoms…

…directed primarily at reducing myocardial ischaemia and relieving anginal symptoms, while maintaining tolerability and adherence. Selection should be individualized according to blood pressure, heart rate…

…syndromes, or heart failure have preexisting hypertension. The relationship between blood pressure and outcome in older adults is not linear at very low pressures. Excessive…

…and/or the coronary microcirculation. These abnormalities may produce a transient mismatch between myocardial oxygen demand and coronary blood supply, resulting in myocardial hypoperfusion or…

…asymmetric dimethylarginine, homocysteine, white blood cell count, proinflammatory cytokines and C reactive protein. Increased urinary albumin/creatinine ratio reflects altered endothelial and renal pathophysiology in…

…and vascular resistance. Advantages of measuring MAP over systolic blood pressure While systolic blood pressure (SBP) indicates the maximum pressure during heart contraction, it does…

…catheter , plus a drainage bag. Sample tubes for cell count, chemistry, culture and cytology, and blood culture bottles. Intravenous fluid and a vasopressor prepared. The…

…the ratio of pulmonary blood flow (Qp) to systemic blood flow (Qs). This measurement is pivotal in diagnosing and managing congenital or acquired cardiac shunts…

…renal disease are bidirectionally related: hypertension accelerates CKD progression, while impaired renal function further increases blood pressure. Non traditional cardiovascular mechanisms include: Uraemia associated inflammation…

…or signs of heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 41–49%. It occupies an intermediate position between heart failure with reduced…

…objective is individualized blood pressure reduction sufficient to reduce cardiovascular risk while preserving tolerability and daily function. Decisions should incorporate the confirmed blood pressure level…

…T2DM) and obesity was siloed, with clinicians focusing primarily on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction, blood pressure, lipids and smoking cessation. Weight loss was considered extremely…

…myocardium and coronary microcirculation. Endothelial dysfunction promotes leukocyte and platelet activation and interaction. Thrombotic debris may worsen microvascular obstruction, while cardiomyocyte swelling, interstitial oedema and…

…Conversely, if some blood flow is maintained (for example, high quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation or partial ROSC), the midbrain may receive enough oxygen to preserve some…

…tracer uptake and associated myocardial changes: Mild defects : Characterized by decreased tracer counts while preserving normal wall thickness, often indicative of early or mild ischemia…

…curve include: Ventilator or capnograph not activated. Displacement of the tracheal tube. Cardiac arrest without adequate blood flow or ineffective compressions. While ETCO 2 is…

…capacity, while risk factor treatment and lifestyle modification reduce the burden of recurrent coronary risk. Nutritional counselling, smoking cessation, blood pressure and lipid management, and…

…cardiovascular prevention and treatment. It is associated with lower cardiovascular and all cause mortality and with reduced incidence or burden of hypertension, type 2 diabetes…

…normal or only modestly increased. Right ventricular systolic and pulse pressures are reduced. The central management principle is preservation of adequate right ventricular preload while…

…while supine Sudden onset of palpitations followed by syncope Severe coronary artery or structural heart disease High risk features on examination include: Unexplained systolic blood…

…propofol, or etomidate), routine blood pressure and oximetry monitoring, availability of atropine, isoproterenol, or transcutaneous pacing for post shock bradycardia, and use of biphasic defibrillators…

…smooth muscle cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix deposition, ultimately leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques [1] . While stable plaques are characterized by a thick…

…while a PEF below 33 percent or signs of ventilatory failure means life threatening illness [1,2]. Important interpretation of the blood gas A normal…

…while the osmolality is corrected cautiously [1,3]. Euglycaemic DKA Euglycaemic DKA means ketosis and metabolic acidosis despite a normal or only moderately raised glucose…

…improves hemodynamics without increasing heart rate or decreasing blood pressure, making it a consideration for patients with low blood pressure secondary to a low cardiac…