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ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Electrocardiographic Criteria

…no reflow, structural and functional impairments sustain vascular obstruction. Endothelial dysfunction triggers leukocyte and platelet activation, while thrombotic debris may worsen the obstruction. Furthermore, cardiomyocyte…

Blood transfusion and massive haemorrhage

…a unit is selected electronically against the blood group Standard for planned transfusion in a patient without irregular red cell antibodies Serological crossmatch (MG test…

Vulnerable Plaque and Mechanisms of Acute Coronary Occlusion

…pool, numerous macrophages or foam cells, and a thin fibrous cap. Disruption of the cap exposes the lipid core and extracellular matrix to circulating blood…

Massive haemorrhage and transfusion: quick reference

…impaired consciousness, a rising lactate or a worsening acidosis. An assessed need for at least 4 units of red cells within 1 hour. An actual…

Cryotherapy of skin lesions

…thawing, that a blister (sometimes a blood blister) is to be expected, that the area will be red and weeping for a week or so…

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy

…obesity or when the supine position is necessary. After previous punctures: change side, and avoid irradiated fields. Preparation and equipment Informed consent, current full blood…

Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Outcomes

…and mortality The strongest long term evidence supports Mediterranean or DASH style patterns that emphasize minimally processed foods and healthy fats while limiting ultraprocessed foods…

Oesophageal ECG

…visible even when it lies buried in the QRS complex or the T wave. The whole value of the investigation lies in the ratio between…

Principles of myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT, PET), coronary blood flow and flow reserve (CFR)

…agents or physical exercise. Pharmacologic agents include dipyridamole, adenosine, regadenoson, and dobutamine. Dobutamine increases myocardial oxygen demand, while dipyridamole, adenosine, and regadenoson create blood flow…

Acute stroke and thrombolysis: quick reference

…full blood count, electrolytes, creatinine, coagulation tests and troponin are taken in parallel but must not delay treatment in a patient without suspected coagulopathy or…

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