Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Pre excitation, Atrioventricular Reentrant (reentry) Tachycardia (AVRT) and Wolff Parkinson White (WPW) syndrome: ECG, clinical characteristics and management Pre excitation The…

…hypertension — recommended before treatment is started . Suspected white coat hypertension: raised office blood pressure without organ damage. Suspected masked hypertension: normal office blood pressure but…

…patients with diabetes and anyone with dizziness Definitions White coat hypertension: a raised office reading but normal readings at home or on 24 hour recording…

…segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). While the incidence of STEMI is decreasing and the incidence of NSTEMI is increasing, STEMI remains a critical clinical entity…

…platelet activation and interaction. Thrombotic debris may worsen microvascular obstruction, while cardiomyocyte swelling, interstitial oedema and tissue inflammation produce extravascular compression. In the most severe…

…pre excited atrial fibrillation (i.e. atrial fibrillation with impulses conducted via an accessory pathway [see Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome]); blocking AV node conduction may…

…AVRT (Pre excitation, Wolff Parkinson White syndrome) and ectopic atrial tachycardia have traditionally been referred to as paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias , because these tachyarrhythmias originate in…

…the whole lesion, including the margin, has turned white. Contact technique with a cryoprobe gives a deeper and more controlled freeze on flat surfaces; spray…

…5 minutes seated or supine. White coat hypertension: office pressure above the hypertension threshold but non hypertensive home or ambulatory pressure. Masked hypertension: office pressure…

…associated with hypertension and blood pressure variability, while obesity and hypertension together promote left ventricular hypertrophy and kidney injury. The syndrome is therefore both a…

…carefully confirmed. Apparent resistant hypertension may result from: Inaccurate or inconsistent blood pressure measurement; White coat hypertension; Poor adherence or persistence with prescribed therapy; Inadequate…

…This includes: Poor adherence to antihypertensive treatment White coat hypertension Other contributors to apparently uncontrolled blood pressure Adherence should initially be explored carefully through direct…

…of wide QRS complex must always be considered. For example, Wolff Parkinson White syndrome (WPW), pacemaker stimulated beats, electrolyte imbalance and medications may prolong the…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Introduction Cardiovascular disease becomes increasingly prevalent with advancing age, while its clinical expression and management become progressively more complex. Older adults, often…

…performed during advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS). While basic life support (BLS) can be delivered by virtually anyone, advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ACLS) is provided by…

…of free air in the thoracic cavity. While this can occasionally be benign and manifest even in healthy individuals, a tension pneumothorax arises when the…

…problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by approximately 50% during the past few decades, the…

…problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by approximately 50% during the past few decades, the…

…is an emergency. Infection can progress rapidly, while the typical local signs of inflammation may be faint or absent. Take cultures immediately, but never let…

…morphology and provides material for flow cytometry and genetics, while the biopsy shows marrow architecture and cellularity. What usually ruins the examination is not the…

…litre that has accumulated slowly can be asymptomatic, while 150 mL collected over an hour causes tamponade. The indication rests on the clinical picture together…

…action • Systemic Dopamine 1 (D1) receptor agonist. • Lowers blood pressure while maintaining or increasing kidney perfusion. Effects Dopamine 1 receptor agonists lower systemic blood pressure…

…crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity. Effects Primarily causes afterload reduction…

…rather similar within a drug class. While the risk of TdP is well defined for many of these agents, many are classified as QT prolonging…

…CCS) is directed primarily at reducing myocardial ischaemia and relieving anginal symptoms, while maintaining tolerability and adherence. Selection should be individualized according to blood pressure…

…typically exceeding 200 beats per minute. While ECG appearances with flutter like patterns are predominantly caused by macroreentrant circuits, microreentry remains a possible alternative mechanism…

…ostia. It remains the reference standard for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when…

…which a patient performs progressively increasing external work, usually on a treadmill, while symptoms, a 12 lead ECG, heart rate and blood pressure are monitored…

…long term control. The treatment objective is individualized blood pressure reduction sufficient to reduce cardiovascular risk while preserving tolerability and daily function. Decisions should incorporate…

…in up to 70% of patients undergoing invasive coronary angiography, while approximately 25% of these patients have documented ischaemia. Among patients referred for invasive angiography…

…common in patients with inferoposterior left ventricular infarction, while infarction confined predominantly to the right ventricle is rare. The clinical spectrum extends from limited right…

…increases. This results in increased left ventricular load, while simultaneously affecting systemic perfusion. Aortic stenosis is a serious condition with poor long term outcomes. Patients…

…pulseless electrical activity (PEA) as the initial rhythm, while the remainder manifest ventricular fibrillation (VF) or asystole ( Ebo et al ). Clinical manifestations of anaphylaxis Nervousness…

…Cycle ergometer is preferred in Europe, while treadmill testing is predominant in the United States. Treadmill and cycle ergometer both have their advantages and disadvantages…

…the underlying mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias. While a detailed understanding of these mechanisms is not essential for all clinicians, it is reasonable to acquire an…

…of atherosclerotic plaques [1] . While stable plaques are characterized by a thick fibrous cap and a small lipid core, the pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndromes…

…the aim should be a calm, mildly somnolent but rousable patient, while ventilation, circulation and underlying disease are monitored [3]. The management of complicated withdrawal…

…A circumferential cast in a fresh injury, before surgery, or while swelling is progressing. Take care in impaired sensation (neuropathy, spinal cord injury) — the patient…

…off. The defibrillator finds no stable R wave, and in sync mode no shock at all is then delivered while the patient deteriorates. Indications Emergency…

…release. In cardiac arrest with suspected hyperkalaemia, advanced life support is followed while the hyperkalaemia is treated. Calcium chloride is then usually the first choice…

…always, including while fasting. Many with type 2 Mealtime insulin (rapid acting) Covers the carbohydrate in the meal Anyone who is eating Correction dose (rapid…

…saturation, chest movement and a blood gas. Ventilate by mask in opioid induced respiratory depression while naloxone is prepared C Pulse, blood pressure, peripheral perfusion…

…blocker, a calcium channel blocker or digitalis, while awaiting the antidote and specific treatment. Bradyasystole during and after cardiac arrest with persisting electrical activity. Overdrive…

…and vascular resistance. Advantages of measuring MAP over systolic blood pressure While systolic blood pressure (SBP) indicates the maximum pressure during heart contraction, it does…

…often recommended for PCI, while those with high scores (≥33) are typically advised to undergo CABG due to better long term outcomes. Intermediate scores (23…

…inhibitor produces dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), while treatment with one antiplatelet drug constitutes single antiplatelet therapy (SAPT). The benefit of antiplatelet therapy must always be…

…decades. Intimal thickening may be present during the second and third decades of life, while clinical manifestations commonly emerge much later. Despite this prolonged course…

…progressive increases in systolic blood pressure (SBP), while diastolic blood pressure (DBP) rises less steeply and may remain stable or decline later in life. Consequently…

…Exercise training can reverse deconditioning and increase functional capacity, while risk factor treatment and lifestyle modification reduce the burden of recurrent coronary risk. Nutritional counselling…

…renal disease are bidirectionally related: hypertension accelerates CKD progression, while impaired renal function further increases blood pressure. Non traditional cardiovascular mechanisms include: Uraemia associated inflammation…

…lesion that appears moderate may be functionally important, while an anatomically severe lesion may not identify the patient most likely to benefit from intervention. Conversely…

…descriptions report rates of approximately 5–10%, while fewer than 5% of otherwise normal angiograms demonstrate bridging. The wide range reflects differences in ascertainment and…

…by rest or nitroglycerin [4], [6]. Presentation Nuances: While typical angina is defined by these characteristics, the presentation can be highly variable, particularly in females…

…up diameter stenosis greater than 50%—occurred in 20–30% of patients, while clinically evident restenosis, manifested by recurrent angina attributable to the treated segment…

…driven atherothrombosis, while interruption of antiplatelet therapy after recent stenting is associated with increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and stent thrombosis. Premature…

…hemodynamic abnormality in HFpEF is impaired diastolic function. The left ventricle may have apparently preserved global systolic emptying while exhibiting impaired relaxation, increased passive stiffness…

…fatalities resulting from cardiovascular disease (CVD). 1 While BMI remains the most widely utilized metric for assessing weight, its clinical utility is frequently limited by…

…Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) acts primarily as a vasopressor. While detailed receptor pharmacology is not specified in the source material, it is utilised alongside inotropes in acute…

…revascularization, while avoiding unnecessary procedural complications and bleeding in those at lower risk or in whom the hazards of revascularization outweigh its potential benefit. A…

…obesity is generally defined as BMI ≥35 kg/m2, while BMI ≥50 kg/m2 has been termed super morbid obesity. BMI categories are summarized below…