…disturbance caused by other machines/devices. Below follows ECG tracings demonstrating each type of failure. Figure 1. Failure to pace. Figure 2. Failure to sense…

…a previous nasal fracture or unilateral nasal obstruction. 2. Measure the depth of insertion by laying the tube from the tip of the nose to…

…Contraindications Cautery: Type Contraindication : : Absolute The source of bleeding cannot be identified Relative A pacemaker or ICD when monopolar electrocautery is used Relative A cochlear…

…Contraindications Type Condition : : Absolute Suspected urethral injury — blood at the meatus, a perineal or scrotal haematoma, a high riding or impalpable prostate, a pelvic fracture…

…crush technique, stent fracture or collapse Lesion specific angiographic features Residual dissection at a stent margin, impaired flow into or out of the stent, stent…

…plaque disruption is not a feature of Type 2 MI. The pathophysiology of Type 2 MI is fundamentally distinct from that of Type 1 MI…

…daily or an equivalent dose of another statin. Approximately 45% of participants had type 2 diabetes. Over a median follow up of 40.6 months…

…Unna boot), or a class 2–3 compression stocking. Tape measure for ankle circumference — this governs the choice of material and bandaging technique. Procedure Assessment…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and Pathophysiology Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cardiovascular risk condition. It is associated with a two to four…

…find it difficult to differentiate between Mobitz type 1 and Mobitz type 2. A very simple rule of thumb can be applied to do this…

…pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM…

Visual assessment of regional wall motion (left ventricle) TYPE OF MOTION DEFINITION WALL MOTION SCORE Normal Normal thickening (typically 30% thickening from end diastole to…

…shift. For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity was siloed, with clinicians focusing primarily on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction, blood…

…with AV block 2 Mobitz type 2 and AV block 3. The only treatment with a class I recommendation for the management of acute bradycardia…

…risk of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and specific cancers. BMI and cardiovascular outcomes High BMI is associated with several health conditions: Type 2 diabetes…

…to apolipoprotein(a). The length of apolipoprotein(a) varies because of genetically determined differences in the number of kringle IV type 2 repeats. Lp(a)…

…Figure 3. Prognosis in aortic stenosis according to type of stenosis. The patients with low flow (stroke volume index <35 ml/m²) and low gradient…

…cells but its appearance varies depending on cell type. During de and repolarization ions (Na + [sodium], K + [potassium] and Ca 2+ [calcium]) flow back and…

…Mechanism of action Ultra short acting calcium channel blocker (CCB). Half life: 5 minutes. Rapidly inactivated by esterases. Effects • Clevidipine is a dihydropyridine L type…

…Type II 2nd AV block, prolonged QT interval, and profound sinus bradycardia are typically considered abnormal or profound findings that may require further investigation. 2…

…It may be broken, as in Figure 1 . Any type of infarction may cause pathological R wave progression. However, the specificity for pathological R wave…

…mosm/kg or total osmolality 320 mosm/kg Typical patient Often type 1 diabetes, but also occurs in type 2 diabetes Usually type 2 diabetes…

…DKA: remove the pump and change to an infusion or injections Drugs for type 2 diabetes in inpatients Agent The acutely ill inpatient : : Metformin Stop…

…Arterial blood gas Type 1 respiratory failure: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a normal or low PaCO₂ — a problem of oxygenation. Type 2: PaO₂ <…

…myocardial ischaemia or syncope — that has not responded to atropine: Complete heart block (third degree AV block) and second degree AV block Mobitz type 2…

…distinction is important in premature coronary disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidaemia, which are usually polygenic conditions, although family history remains clinically useful for…

…of cardiovascular prevention and treatment. It is associated with lower cardiovascular and all cause mortality and with reduced incidence or burden of hypertension, type 2…

…cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, congenital heart disease, diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2), obesity, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease…

…Brugada syndrome. Refer to Figure 2 for ECG example of type 1 Brugada syndrome (note the large J waves in V2–V3). Figure 2. Brugada…

…systemic inflammation [7] . The dominant risk factors for HFpEF include hypertension (present in 80% of cases), obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease (CKD…

…are classified into three types: first degree, second degree, and third degree AV blocks. Readers already familiar with the basics of AV blocks can proceed…

…from second degree AV block Mobitz type 1 (Wenckebach block) is uncommon. However, second degree AV block Mobitz type 2 frequently progresses to third degree…

…Ibutilide, Sotalol Class IV Non dihydropyridine L type Ca 2+ channel blockers Diltiazem, Verapamil Singh–Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs. Bold text indicates agents…

…Ibutilide, Sotalol Class IV Non dihydropyridine L type Ca 2+ channel blockers Diltiazem, Verapamil Singh–Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs. Bold text indicates agents…

…valve area 3.0–4.0 cm² 3.0–4.0 cm² Grading of aortic stenosis: mild, peak velocity 2.6–2.9 m/s…

…management of modifiable risk factors. The HAS BLED score has demonstrated moderate predictive abilities for bleeding risks in AF patients, regardless of the type of…

…Mechanism of action Ultra short acting calcium channel blocker (CCB). Half life: 5 minutes. Rapidly inactivated by esterases. Effects • Clevidipine is a dihydropyridine L type…

…universal definition of MI. Type 1 MI is generally related to an atherothrombotic event, whereas Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia…

…of small penetrating arteries that provide blood to deep structures. Lacunar stroke results in five classical lacunar syndromes, namely: (1) pure motor stroke/hemiparesis (2…

…Doppler. Figure 2. Color Doppler reveals the direction and extent of aortic valve regurgitation. Because color Doppler is a type of pulsed wave Doppler, it…

…Mechanism of action Ultra short acting calcium channel blocker (CCB). Half life: 5 minutes. Rapidly inactivated by esterases. Effects • Clevidipine is a dihydropyridine L type…

…Figure 2 below). However, that type of normalization is much slower and it is explained by the gradual death (and thus the disappearance of membrane…

…of symptoms suggestive of ischaemia and presumed new ischaemic ECG changes. The distinction between myocardial injury and type 2 infarction is particularly important. Type 2…

…considerations Type 1 Contrast staining of the arterial wall with multiple lumens or radiolucent channels The classic appearance and usually readily recognized Type 2 Long…

…UA has precipitously declined, as many cases previously classified as UA are now recognized as micro infarctions (NSTEMI) [8] . Type 1 vs. Type 2 Myoca

…and whether the other variable lies within the expected range of compensation. Sample type and baseline values An arterial blood gas is the reference method…

…and QRS 110 ms. Brugada pattern type 1: ST elevation ≥ 2 mm of coved type with a negative T wave in V1–V2. Early repolarisation:…

…exceed 60 cmH₂O . Gel cuffed masks of the i gel type have no cuff to inflate and are chosen on weight alone. When in doubt…

…Otherwise: Type Contraindication : : Absolute No safe pocket of fluid to puncture (no ultrasound verified fluid) Relative Uncorrected coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia Relative Ongoing anticoagulant treatment — plan…

…Second degree AV block Mobitz type I (Wenckebach block) : repeated cycles of gradually increasing PR interval until an atrial impulse (P wave) is blocked in…

…times or decremental conduction properties. Furthermore, adenosine binds to four types of receptors. Binding to A2A receptors induces coronary vasodilation, whereas binding to the A1…

…potassium, and resistant to suppression by sodium loading. It is the most common form of secondary hypertension. Aldosterone acts principally through the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)…

…Second degree AV block Mobitz type I (Wenckebach block) : repeated cycles of gradually increasing PR interval until an atrial impulse (P wave) is blocked in…

…depending on e.g the type of pacemaker, intrinsic cardiac activity, etc. The cardinal manifestation of pacing on surface ECG is the stimulation artifact (Figure…

…recordings confirming a bradyarrhythmia. Potentially reversible causes should be pursued (Table 2). Figure 1. Management of acute bradycardia in the emergency setting. Parameter Assessment A…

…infarction – Particularly ischemia or infarction located to the inferior wall of the left ventricle. This type of bradycardia is due to diminished automaticity (pacemaker function…

…the LAD is very long and supplies a significant portion of the inferior wall; this type of LAD is called wrap around LAD (because it…

…elevated cardiac troponin concentration and new ST segment depression in new onset AF should not automatically be labelled type 2 myocardial infarction without further assessment…

…Women with type 2 diabetes also have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular complications and death than men. Despite the effectiveness of preventive interventions in both…

…Type 2 MI: Attributed to an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, without the presence of acute atherothrombosis. Type 3 MI: Describes cardiac death…