…Systemic sclerosis, kidney disease, autoimmune disease or previous thrombotic microangiopathy. Antidepressants can affect the blood pressure in several ways. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors can cause a…

…Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP): In very rare cases, TTP has been reported with ticagrelor treatment. TTP is characterized by thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia associated…

…severe hypertension. The decision to lower BP in acute stroke requires attention to the type of stroke and the possibility of thrombolytic treatment. Cardiac and…

…It is a PCI related myocardial infarction when angiography or autopsy documents thrombosis and the diagnostic criteria used for type 1 myocardial infarction are fulfilled…

All patients with NSTE ACS (NSTEMI or unstable angina) are treated similarly with respect to anti ischemic and anti thrombotic drugs. Management must, however, be…

…the past century. Initial post mortem observations in the late 19th century first linked thrombotic occlusion of a coronary artery with myocardial necrosis. Although early…

…< 30 mmHg. Decompensated heart failure — compression of both legs acutely increases preload. Untreated deep vein thrombosis in the acute phase. Septic phlebitis, ongoing soft…

…syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or medical…

…exceeding those seen with native vessel PCI. Mechanisms The principal mechanism is distal embolization of atheromatous and thrombotic material. Plaque or thrombus may be dislodged…

…zone. Coronary Occlusion and Myocardial Injury STEMI generally results from abrupt reduction in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery…

…reflow, structural and functional impairments sustain vascular obstruction. Endothelial dysfunction triggers leukocyte and platelet activation, while thrombotic debris may worsen the obstruction. Furthermore, cardiomyocyte swelling…

…myocardium and coronary microcirculation. Endothelial dysfunction promotes leukocyte and platelet activation and interaction. Thrombotic debris may worsen microvascular obstruction, while cardiomyocyte swelling, interstitial oedema and…

…myocardial infarction (STEMI). The traditional term “vulnerable plaque” describes an atherosclerotic lesion thought to be susceptible to disruption and thrombosis. Typical features include a lipid…

…As in other acute coronary events, the thrombotic process is dynamic, with varying degrees of occlusion that may provide a window of opportunity for reperfusion…

…and lower thrombogenicity. Stent thrombosis Early metallic stents reduced acute closure but introduced the risk of thrombosis related to the intravascular foreign body. First generation…

…receptor inhibitor. It is central to the prevention of platelet mediated coronary thrombosis after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Aspirin irreversibly…

…follows: Type 4a MI: MI related to PCI. Type 4b MI: MI caused by stent thrombosis. Type 4c MI: MI associated with in stent restenosis…

…pulmonary arterial remodelling, with fibroproliferative, plexogenic, and sometimes thrombotic changes that may result in near total obliteration of affected vessels. Genetic, molecular, and acquired factors…

…coronary intervention (PCI) Type 4b MI caused by stent or scaffold thrombosis Type 4c MI caused by restenosis Type 5 MI associated with coronary artery…

…hemodynamic alterations which may culminate in cardiac arrest. Pulmonary embolism is causally related to deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Approximately 70% of individuals with symptomatic pulmonary…

…a fibrous cap. The LRNC is a highly toxic, pro thrombotic milieu composed of extracellular cholesterol crystals, apoptotic and necrotic macrophage debris, and abundant tissue…

Procedurer Cryotherapy destroys tissue through intracellular ice crystal formation and through microvascular thrombosis in the treated area. The method is quick, cheap and requires no…

…cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact to produce focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is…

…actually a very complicated topic. The term ischemia was coined in 1858 by Virchow (the same Virchow who unraveled thrombosis). He used te term to…

…or arteries supplying the limbs. In adults over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia…

…no absolute contraindications. Refrain or modify in: Deep vein thrombosis in the leg — cuff compression should be avoided in the acute phase. A leg that…

…a higher target Doses in venous thromboembolism Treatment doses in deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism differ from the atrial fibrillation doses and include an…

…for dialysis. Previous vascular surgery in the area. Coagulopathy and thrombolytic treatment are relative contraindications and are an argument for a superficial, compressible vessel. Allen…

…burns or trauma over the insertion site. Thrombosis or known stenosis in the target vessel. Coagulopathy or ongoing anticoagulation: choose a compressible vessel (the internal…

…Uncontrolled symptomatic arrhythmia. Symptomatic severe aortic stenosis. Decompensated heart failure. Acute pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis. Acute myocarditis, pericarditis or endocarditis. Acute aortic dissection…

…axillary clearance or lymphoedema. A limb with paresis or marked swelling. A vein suspected of thrombosis or previously thrombophlebitic. Intraosseous access (absolute, for the bone…

…for pulmonary embolism: Criterion Points : : Clinical signs of deep vein thrombosis 3 Pulmonary embolism is the most likely diagnosis 3 Heart rate 100/min 1…

…of therapy : Premature discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy, including prasugrel, in ACS patients treated with PCI can increase the risk of thrombosis, myocardial infarction, or death…

…progression of peripheral arterial disease, cardiac or aortic embolisation, acute aortic dissection, thrombosis of a graft or aneurysm, popliteal artery entrapment, trauma, phlegmasia cerulea dolens…

…aggregation contribute importantly to arterial thrombus formation, recurrent coronary occlusion, and stent thrombosis. Aspirin inhibits the cyclooxygenase 1 pathway, whereas P2Y12 receptor antagonists inhibit a…

…large vessel arteritis Pulmonary arterial vasculopathy and pulmonary hypertension Arterial and venous thrombosis Valvular heart disease Cardiac dysrhythmias Arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction The increased…

…and apolipoproteins, endothelial function, systemic inflammation, liver fat synthesis, adiposity, thrombosis and coagulation, cardiac function, satiety, appetite, the gut microbiome and metabolic expenditure. Food processing…

…thrombus, or other acute complications; investigation of restenosis and stent thrombosis. Intravascular imaging may also clarify the mechanism of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS), particularly…

…causes producing myocardial oxygen supply–demand imbalance. Coronary mechanisms Coronary mechanisms include: Plaque rupture or plaque erosion with thrombosis, despite the absence of an angiographically…

…with diabetes specific vascular and metabolic abnormalities. Diabetes is associated with inflammation, thrombosis and accelerated atherosclerosis. In CKD, additional mechanisms include vascular stiffness and accelerated…

…is fundamentally distinct from that of Type 1 MI, which is driven by plaque rupture and thrombosis. The mechanisms leading to Type 2 MI are…

…downstream, causing microvascular embolization (i.e occluding smaller vessels downstream). The thrombosis causes occlusion of the artery; blood flow may be partially or completely obstructed…

…or mechanical prostheses. The former is preferred due to the lower risk of thrombosis and evidence demonstrating long term durability (Filsoufi et al). Percutaneous interventions…

…hypothermia, tamponade, toxins, thrombosis (coronary or pulmonary), tension pneumothorax. No drug has been shown to improve the neurological outcome in cardiac arrest. High quality compressions…

…infection at the puncture site, known thrombosis in the target vein. With a mechanical tricuspid prosthesis the lead must not be passed through the valve…

…hypokalaemia), bradycardia, ischaemia, coronary spasm, thrombosis, fever, acute starvation, and dieting. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for drug induced arrhythmias in patients…

…may be accompanied by necrotic core formation and calcification. Neoatherosclerosis can contribute to both ISR and stent thrombosis. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is currently the…

…help assess for these complications, although coronary angiography may be required when acute native vessel or stent thrombosis must be excluded. Diagnostics Echocardiography TTE is…

…and demand. The universal classification distinguishes infarction according to its mechanism: Type 1 myocardial infarction: acute atherosclerotic plaque disruption or erosion with coronary thrombosis. Type…

…dynamic processes. Factors that promote thrombosis ( pro thrombogenic factors ) are constantly in a struggle with factors striving to lysate the thrombus (pro thrombolytic factors). The…

…or deep vein thrombosis Acute myocarditis or pericarditis Acute aortic dissection Physical disability that precludes safe and adequate testing Relative contraindications Known obstructive left main…

…and arrhythmias Endocarditis – due to risk of embolization Deep venous thrombosis – due to risk of embolization Relative contraindications for exercise ECG Severe hypertension (systolic blood…

…by eruptive, dense nodular calcifications that break through the intimal layer, provoking localized thrombosis. This is predominantly observed in older patients with heavily calcified, tortuous…

…that plaque disruption occurs when pro thrombogenic factors outweigh pro thrombolytic factors. The balance between pro thrombogenic and pro thrombolytic factors determines whether atherothrombosis occurs…