…treatment often requires urgent surgical or transcatheter intervention, with temporary mechanical circulatory support (MCS) considered as a bridge. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Symptoms of STEMI…

…and Symptoms In up to one half of STEMI cases, a precipitating factor such as vigorous physical exercise, emotional stress, or a medical or surgical…

…precipitants include vigorous physical activity, emotional stress, and an intercurrent medical or surgical illness. Events may occur at any time, although clustering in the morning…

…severe, a rapid course, skin discolouration, systemic upset — is an acute surgical emergency, not an abscess. Preparation and equipment No. 11 scalpel, curved haemostat, scissors…

…ongoing soft tissue infection with systemic involvement. Relative: Condition Adaptation : : ABI 0.5–0.79 Reduced compression (20–30 mmHg) under vascular surgical supervision Diabetes…

…proximally, largely hidden beneath the proximal nail fold, and is the only tissue that produces new nail. Its visible distal part is the lunula. The…

…retention — the commonest indication on a surgical ward. Decompression in severe vomiting where the stomach does not empty. Intraoperatively and postoperatively after major abdominal surgery…

…determinants of subsequent LV deterioration and long term survival. Viable, stunned, and hibernating myocardium Viable dysfunctional myocardium is myocardial tissue whose contractile function improves after…

…absence of sounds on the affected side. Ultrasonography can reveal pneumothorax (highlighted by a lack of lung tissue) and its impact on cardiac function. Clinically…

…Assess the esponse and repeat administration as clinically indicated. Measure serum lactate levels . Elevated lactate is an indicator of tissue hypoperfusion and can guide resuscitative…

…postpones or mitigates cerebral injuries. No flow time and low flow time are critical parameters for determining the probability of survival. No flow longer than…

…The association between compression depth and survival to hospital discharge ( Stiell et al ). Right panel : The association between compression rate and survival to hospital discharge …

…only suicide attempts have lower survival outcomes. Nonetheless, prompt interventions can reverse cardiac arrest and survivors of traumatic cardiac arrest often exhibit favorable neurological outcomes…

…high income countries, idiopathic pericarditis, radiation to the pericardium and surgical interventions are the most common causes of constrictive pericarditis. Of these three, idiopathic pericarditis…

…and shaped before induction , a syringe for the cuff, a cuff manometer. A laryngeal mask of the correct size as a rescue airway, and surgical…

…local protocol. Alternatives when there is a contraindication: catheter directed treatment or surgical embolectomy where available. A vasopressor (noradrenaline) and cautious fluid administration. Large fluid…

…related ST segment changes Prognostic and risk stratification information Assessment of response to selected medical, revascularization, rehabilitation, ablative or surgical interventions The test does not…

…myocardial infarction and stroke Likelihood of repeat revascularization Symptom burden and treatment goals Diabetes, left ventricular function and other comorbidities Surgical risk and contraindications to…

…systole. Transesophageal echocardiography and surgical pathology demonstrate that over 90% of thrombi in non valvular AF originate within this specific anatomical cul de sac [19] …

CPR Tamponade and cardiac arrest Cardiac arrest associated with tamponade has an exceptionally poor prognosis. In the vast majority of these cases, the tamponade develops…

…severity. Tricuspid stenosis is visually characterized by thickened leaflets, with reduced motion and potentially fused commisures. Continuous Doppler is used to assess the stenosis. Doppler…

…after vascular surgery or endovascular intervention. Assessment of healing potential in ulcers and before deciding the level of amputation. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications…

…and a stylet shaped to match the hyperangulated blade. A bougie, tubes in several sizes, an oropharyngeal airway and a nasopharyngeal airway. Surgical airway equipment…

…mm), loculated or purely posterior effusion with no safe route for puncture — surgical drainage or pericardiotomy instead. Relative: uncorrected coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia and ongoing anticoagulant treatment…

…toothed surgical forceps, scissors, a needle holder. Sutures: 5 0 or 6 0 non absorbable for the face, 4 0 for the trunk and limbs…

…warrants surgical or percutaneous closure in ASD/VSD. Serial measurements track shunt progression in chronic conditions. Post Intervention Monitoring : Assess residual shunts after device closure…

…and bleeding complications than femoral access. In patients with acute coronary syndrome, randomized evidence has demonstrated lower rates of access site bleeding, surgical repair, and…

…concern is interaction between the CIED and equipment used during surgery, particularly electrosurgery. EMI may produce inappropriate sensing, activation of rate responsive functions, device resetting…

…Surgical Interventions : Stellate ganglion block (SGB) or cardiac surgical sympathetic denervation can be performed to mechanically reduce sympathetic output [4]. Evaluation of Treatment and Alternatives…

Echocardiography Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) and Grown Up Congenital Heart (GUCH) disease Survival in congenital heart disease (CHD) has increased dramatically over the…

…determinants of survival in cardiac arrest. All subsequent actions require trained professionals (e.g endotracheal intubation, mechanical chest compressions, targeted temperature management, etc.) and are…

CPR Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS) and ECMO (Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation) Survival after cardiac arrest depends on the restoration of spontaneous cardiac rhythm. The likelihood of…

…Prescribe basal insulin, mealtime insulin and the correction dose as three separate entries on the drug chart. Glucose targets on the ward Situation Target plasma…

…improve survival or the neurological outcome compared with keeping the patient normothermic — but fever after cardiac arrest is harmful, it often arises spontaneously, and it…

…stunning . This is a protective mechanism since the cessation of contractions leads to a marked reduction in cell metabolism and thus prolongs survival. Myocardial stunning…

…trial proven survival benefit from primary prevention ICDs. Its dominance, though, owes as much to pragmatics as to discrimination: echocardiography is ubiquitous, standardized, and cheap…

…artery was associated with lower five year survival than a more distal lesion. Revascularisation improves myocardial blood flow and angina related health status but does…

…additional medication, invasive investigation, and device based treatment. Refractory angina should be distinguished from symptoms caused or amplified by potentially reversible precipitating conditions. Evaluation should…

…year survival of those who continue. After acute coronary syndrome, tobacco abstinence has been associated with reductions in reinfarction of approximately 30–40% and in…

…defibrillation capability and expedited reperfusion central to survival. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The characteristic symptom prompting activation of the STEMI pathway is ischaemic type chest…

…survival exist during the first few minutes from collapse. Table 1 shows the number needed to treat (NNT) for various interventions involved in BLS and…

…myocardial ischemia and angina pectoris), ventricular dysfunction (heart failure) and arrhythmias. The annual risk of sudden cardiac arrest is <1% and median survival is 3…

…or pulseless VT (i.e. shockable), and the probability of survival is higher (since these arrhythmias can be defibrillated). Likewise, the later the ECG is…

…rescue, and security guards) in BLS is key to improving outcomes in OHCA and may be the single strongest factor driving improvement in survival rates…

…and the patient's coldness can mimic post mortem conditions. Therefore, a meticulous assessment of vital signs is crucial. Exceptionally high survival rates have been…

…of survival. It includes diagnosis of post cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS), optimization of ventilation, oxygenation, hemodynamics, antiischemic treatment, temperature treatment, treatment of seizures, and infections…

…evaluate angina pectoris, evaluate exercise performance, evaluate the effect of interventions and medications, and prognosticate survival. However, exercise stress testing must not be performed within…

…relatively new entities and there are currently no effective treatments that modify the natural course in these conditions. Yet, long term survival is slightly better…

…relatively new entities and there are currently no effective treatments that modify the natural course in these conditions. Yet, long term survival is slightly better…

…use of ACE inhibitors and beta blockers in heart failure; these drugs antagonize neurohormonal mechanisms and improve cardiac function and survival dramatically in heart failure…

…a small and highly selected sub group of patients can reasonable predictions be made (which guides decisions regarding the implantation of ICDs [implantable cardioverter defibrillator…

…VF/VT can be detected and defibrillated promptly. Survival is around 70% when defibrillation is performed within 3 minutes of the collapse (Hessulf et al…

…bulging ). Bedside echocardiography allows for immediate recognition of tamponade. Typically, acute tamponade arises from aortic dissection, and survival among such patients is, unfortunately, very rare.

…improve survival. Parameter Guide value : : Effluent dose, continuous therapy 20–25 mL/kg/h Net ultrafiltration < 1.75 mL/kg/h Nutrition and prophylaxis…

…troponin I levels). Hence, troponin I was a strong predictor of survival in patients hospitalized with COVID 19 (Figure 2). Figure 2. Shi et al…

…subgroup analysis in which a survival benefit was observed. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia Treatment of inappropriate sinus tachycardia begins with assessment and management of reversible causes…

…Prognosis and Survival The presence of LBBB has several implications for patient outcomes: Mortality in STEMI : Patients presenting with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and…

…be considered. Effective lipid lowering improves survival and reduces cardiovascular mortality in patients with coronary artery disease irrespective of the baseline cholesterol concentration. Intensive statin…

CPR Hypoxia and asphyxiation Hypoxia refers to a reduced partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. Asphyxia is characterized by insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia…

CPR Hyperthermia and malignant hyperthermia Hyperthermia is characterized by a body temperature exceeding the typical range of 36.5 37.6°C (97.7 99.7°F…