…has therefore not been abandoned, only redefined: continuous core temperature measurement and a target value that must never be exceeded, during the first 72 hours…

Critical care Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiogenic shock is a state of inadequate tissue and end organ perfusion caused by cardiac insufficiency…

…involve a surgeon The following locations must not be handled routinely in primary care or in the emergency department without contacting the appropriate specialty: Location…

…upper airway obstruction where laryngoscopy will not succeed; plan for a surgical airway or awake fibreoptic intubation. A difficult airway is anticipated in a stable…

… An unstable pulmonary embolism is a reperfusion problem; a stable pulmonary embolism is a diagnostic pathway. The unstable patient Hypotension (systolic < 90 mmHg for…

…J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2016; 81:27 33 . Watts S, Smith JE, Gwyther R, Kirkman E. Closed chest compressions reduce survival in an animal…

…thickness unmeasurable and staging therefore impossible; a superficial punch in a case of bullous dermatosis misses the subepidermal split. Choose the technique according to the…

…defects from incidental findings. Guidance for Intervention : A Qp/Qs 1.5 often warrants surgical or percutaneous closure in ASD/VSD. Serial measurements track shunt…

…else is supportive. But the same compression applied to a limb with arterial insufficiency can cause necrosis and, in the worst case, amputation. The decisive…

…coronary occlusion. Plaque rupture typically involves a thin, collagen poor fibrous cap overlying a large lipid core with many macrophages, resulting in a red, fibrin…

…the presence of CRT, the type and location of surgery, and the anticipated current pathway. In a pacing dependent patient, inhibition of pacemaker output may…

…encephalopathy) and certain poisonings. Early initiation without an absolute indication has not been shown to improve survival. Parameter Guide value : : Effluent dose, continuous therapy 20…

…but the rate of survival to hospital discharge is only 8.8%, which demonstrates that the majority of patients will not survive post resuscitation care…

…team (CAT) and intensive care units and other units caring for resuscitated patients. Figure 1. The chain of survival in out of hospital cardiac arrest…

…capability and expedited reperfusion central to survival. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The characteristic symptom prompting activation of the STEMI pathway is ischaemic type chest discomfort…

…a short expected survival, a high risk of hypoglycaemia 8–12 mmol/L The critically ill patient in intensive care According to the local protocol…

…Biological death usually occurs within minutes thereafter; survival is highly unlikely after 8–10 minutes of no flow (i.e. cardiac arrest without any circulation)…

…high but survival is very low, as is the proportion surviving with good neurological function ( Table 1 ). Table 1. Asphyxi Hanging ning Case Traumas Drowning…

…J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2016; 81:27 33 . Watts S, Smith JE, Gwyther R, Kirkman E. Closed chest compressions reduce survival in an animal…

…J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2016; 81:27 33 . Watts S, Smith JE, Gwyther R, Kirkman E. Closed chest compressions reduce survival in an animal…

…J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2016;81:27 33. Watts S, Smith JE, Gwyther R, Kirkman E. Closed chest compressions reduce survival in an animal…

…developed which fibrillated the heart. This electrical factor came and killed and disappeared and was not found in the dead heart. The cause of death…

CPR Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS) and ECMO (Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation) Survival after cardiac arrest depends on the restoration of spontaneous cardiac rhythm. The likelihood of…

…rescue, and security guards) in BLS is key to improving outcomes in OHCA and may be the single strongest factor driving improvement in survival rates…

…Stroke Statistics). The CARES registry reported that the incidence was 92 per 100,000 citizens in the United States ( Bagai et al ). The incidence of…

…developed which fibrillated the heart. This electrical factor came and killed and disappeared and was not found in the dead heart. The cause of death…

…7]. Etiology and Mechanisms LBBB may result from lesser degrees of conduction delay within the left bundle system in the case of incomplete LBBB [7]…

…which in the case of left bundle branch block should lead the clinician to activate the catheterization laboratory (discussed in Left bundle branch block and…

…high income countries, idiopathic pericarditis, radiation to the pericardium and surgical interventions are the most common causes of constrictive pericarditis. Of these three, idiopathic pericarditis…

…Indications Decompression in ileus, subacute obstruction or gastric retention — the commonest indication on a surgical ward. Decompression in severe vomiting where the stomach does not…

…rehabilitation, ablative or surgical interventions The test does not define the structure or composition of coronary atherosclerotic plaque, identify plaques at high risk of rupture…

…and treatment goals Diabetes, left ventricular function and other comorbidities Surgical risk and contraindications to prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy Patient preferences, local expertise and operator…

…systole. Transesophageal echocardiography and surgical pathology demonstrate that over 90% of thrombi in non valvular AF originate within this specific anatomical cul de sac [19] …

…Surgical repair or valve replacement is considered when medical therapy is insufficient, or when concomitant valvular disease (e.g mitral stenosis) requires intervention. Valve replacement…

…mild to moderate Secondary prevention, walking exercise ≤ 0.40 Severe ischaemia Urgent vascular surgical assessment Exercise ABI. With a normal or borderline resting ABI but…

…and a nasopharyngeal airway. Surgical airway equipment out and opened in a known or suspected difficult airway: a size 10 scalpel, a bougie and a…

…nail folds. It is these that must be destroyed during matrix ablation — miss the horn and the nail spike returns in the same corner. The…

…it. A small (under 10 mm), loculated or purely posterior effusion with no safe route for puncture — surgical drainage or pericardiotomy instead. Relative: uncorrected coagulopathy…

…with acute coronary syndrome, randomized evidence has demonstrated lower rates of access site bleeding, surgical repair, and blood transfusion with radial access. Radial access has…

…precipitants include vigorous physical activity, emotional stress, and an intercurrent medical or surgical illness. Events may occur at any time, although clustering in the morning…

…However, the context indicates that if pharmacological therapy is inadequate, escalation to catheter ablation or mechanical circulatory support remains a viable therapeutic pathway [4]. Furthermore…

…Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) and Grown Up Congenital Heart (GUCH) disease Survival in congenital heart disease (CHD) has increased dramatically over the past few decades…

…trauma are characterized by very low survival rates. In the nationwide Swedish Registry for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, the 30 day survival for traumatic cardiac arrest is…

…by echocardiography. Reduced LVEF reliably identifies a high risk group that derives a large, trial proven survival benefit from primary prevention ICDs. Its dominance, though…

…heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in developed countries. New ischemic events are major determinants of subsequent LV deterioration and long term survival. Viable…

…lesion proximal to the first septal perforator of the left anterior descending artery was associated with lower five year survival than a more distal lesion…

…The increasing prevalence of refractory angina reflects population ageing and improved survival among patients with CAD following advances in anti ischaemic treatment and coronary revascularization…

…patients with established peripheral artery disease, those who stop smoking have approximately twice the five year survival of those who continue. After acute coronary syndrome…

…Indeed, the greatest opportunities for survival exist during the first few minutes from collapse. Table 1 shows the number needed to treat (NNT) for various…

Echocardiography Aortic stenosis The aortic valve area is normally 3.0 to 4.0 cm 2 . Aortic stenosis is a progressive disease that leads to…

…instantaneous identification of the initial rhythm ( Thorén et al ). The initial rhythm has immense significance for survival in cardiac arrest, regardless of all other circumstances…

…When hypothermia precedes cardiac arrest, the body has undergone cooling before circulatory cessation, enhancing the likelihood of survival. In such instances, favorable neurological outcomes are…

…evaluate exercise performance, evaluate the effect of interventions and medications, and prognosticate survival. However, exercise stress testing must not be performed within 4 to 6…

…1980s. Beta blockers, ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) were introduced and improved survival dramatically. When the pioneers Waagstein, Hjalmarsson, and…

…1980s. Beta blockers, ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) were introduced and improved survival dramatically. When the pioneers Waagstein, Hjalmarsson, and…

…blockers in heart failure; these drugs antagonize neurohormonal mechanisms and improve cardiac function and survival dramatically in heart failure ( Yancy et al ). Acquiring a basic…

…they described these phases, which require different treatment strategies to maximize survival (Table 1). Phase Period Optimal treatment Electrical phase 0 to 4 minutes Defibrillation…

…The association between compression depth and survival to hospital discharge ( Stiell et al ). Right panel : The association between compression rate and survival to hospital discharge (…

…bulging ). Bedside echocardiography allows for immediate recognition of tamponade. Typically, acute tamponade arises from aortic dissection, and survival among such patients is, unfortunately, very rare.

…troponin I levels). Hence, troponin I was a strong predictor of survival in patients hospitalized with COVID 19 (Figure 2). Figure 2. Shi et al…