…therapy Nonadherence or discontinuation of clopidogrel or DAPT, reduced clopidogrel bioavailability, hyporesponsiveness or resistance to aspirin or clopidogrel Anatomic Long lesions, small vessels, multivessel disease…

…pseudo resistance must be excluded. This includes: Poor adherence to antihypertensive treatment White coat hypertension Other contributors to apparently uncontrolled blood pressure Adherence should initially…

…reserve (FFR) is an invasive, lesion specific physiological index used to estimate the functional significance of an epicardial coronary stenosis. It is defined during maximal…

…Other guideline formulations similarly define resistant hypertension as blood pressure above goal despite three or more antihypertensive drugs from different classes at maximally tolerated doses…

…burden of CKD extends beyond CAD to peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities…

…flow reserve (FFR) and instantaneous wave free ratio (iFR). Other invasive techniques can quantify coronary flow reserve (CFR), assess microvascular resistance, and investigate coronary vasospasm…

…containing lipoproteins, including: LDL Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) Chylomicrons and other triglyceride rich particles Thus, non…

…depends almost entirely on the capacity to identify, prospectively, those individuals genuinely at risk of arrest. This predictive problem has proven persistently resistant to resolution…

…combined dyslipidaemia, non HDL C is particularly relevant because it captures triglyceride rich lipoproteins in addition to LDL and other apoB containing particles. Cardiovascular risk…

…venous pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and systemic vascular resistance increases. Harmful neurohormonal pathways are activated, similar to those seen in heart failure. A thorough…

…originate from other branches of the same coronary artery or another coronary artery, will alleviate the ischemia, improve myocardial function and increase resistance to episodes…

…residential care homes (SÄBO) 2025/2026. They are Swedish regional recommendations and reflect Swedish resistance patterns and formulary availability; check what applies where you work…

…unsaturated fatty acids and other bioactive compounds from nuts; and antioxidant and antithrombotic constituents from whole grains. These combined effects may improve inflammation, insulin resistance…

…with the stylet in place perpendicular to the bone surface, angled slightly anteriorly and medially. Rotate under steady pressure until the resistance suddenly gives way —…

…a blood gas, coagulation tests and other investigations according to the clinical picture 5 Take cultures or molecular tests from the suspected focus, but avoid…

…Hemodynamic determinants of MAP Hemodynamically, MAP is influenced by cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR), as described by the relationship: MAP = (CO…

…drinking in either sex. Other definitions of unhealthy drinking include at least two drinks daily in women or three in men, or at least four…

…increased, relatively autonomous from angiotensin II and plasma potassium, and resistant to suppression by sodium loading. It is the most common form of secondary hypertension…

…than the right ventricle. This is the result of ventricular adaptation to the resistance that must be overcome by the ventricles. The left ventricle must…

…than the right ventricle. This is the result of ventricular adaptation to the resistance that must be overcome by the ventricles. The left ventricle must…

…the right atrium is commonly a consequence of increased resistance to empty blood into the right ventricle. This may be due to pulmonary valve stenosis…

…resistance and oxygen transport Formulas Mean arterial pressure (MAP) = diastolic + (systolic − diastolic)/3 Cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate SVR = 80 × (MAP…

…systemic resistance makes it more difficult for the ventricle to eject blood into the aorta during systole. In aortic stenosis, there is increased resistance in…

Hydralazine Hydralazine is not preferred for hypertensive emergencies due to the high risk of reflex sympathetic stimulation. Drug Hydralazine Brand names Apresoline ®, Bidil ®…

…As the valve area becomes smaller, the transvalvular resistance increases, making it more difficult to eject blood into the aorta. In the early stages of…

…Pathophysiology of pulmonary embolism (PE). Hemodynamic effects Pulmonary embolism leads to increased resistance in the main pulmonary artery, and thereby increased afterload on the right…

…are routinely missed. The third thing to know by heart is that an arterial line must never be confused with a venous access. Indications Continuous…

…dosing Pharmacokinetic Considerations Relevant to Dosing Amiodarone exhibits highly variable and complex pharmacokinetics that profoundly influence its dosing strategies. The drug is slowly and incompletely…

…The desired time to action, contraindications and risk of adverse effects should guide the choice of agent. Calcium channel blockers (CCB) Clevidipine Drug Clevidipine Brand…

…The desired time to action, contraindications and risk of adverse effects should guide the choice of agent. Calcium channel blockers (CCB) Clevidipine Drug Clevidipine Brand…

…pulse duration (width) is usually set to 0.5 ms. The relationship between current (I), voltage (V) and resistance (R) is described by Ohm's…

…or visceral, adipose tissue is more closely related to insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The waist…

…but the meatus can be hard to find in older women. Two things separate the safe catheterisation from the harmful one: never forcing against resistance…

…vasoactive agents are categorised according to their distinct pharmacodynamic mechanisms. These drugs are broadly utilised to augment myocardial contractility, manipulate systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance…

…overcoming the aortic resistance, which is typically 110 mmHg or more. It is straightforward to understand why systolic function is fundamental to global cardiac function…

…Resistance may increase in, for example, pulmonary hypertension or pulmonic stenosis. Heart rate . Synchronicity : Optimal contraction requires the majority of all ventricular myocardium to contract…

…Nitroprusside Figure 1. The approximate position of each drug according to its vasoconstrictor effect (vertical axis) and its positive inotropic effect (horizontal axis). Grey =…

…Place the punch perpendicular to the skin and rotate under even pressure until the resistance gives way — the dermis has then been passed and you…

…insulin resistance, free fatty acid synthesis and very low density lipoprotein production. Cyclosporine raises LDL cholesterol, partly by reducing LDL receptor availability. Tacrolimus appears to…

…Symptoms may resemble those of obstructive epicardial coronary disease or vasospastic angina. The clinical presentation is not sufficiently specific to identify the underlying mechanism. Microvascular…

…overload Pressure overload (systolic overload) implies that there is increased resistance across the aortic valve, making it more challenging to pump blood into the aorta…

…trials as noninferior to FFR; enables hybrid gray zone strategies (measure FFR only when iFR/RFR is indeterminate). Resting resistance only approximates hyperemic resistance — ~15…

…). Afterload Afterload is the resistance that the left ventricle must overcome to eject blood into the aorta. Afterload affects myocardial muscle fibers during systole and…

…positron emission tomography (PET) to assess myocardial perfusion and blood flow. These imaging modalities are highly sensitive and specific in evaluating perfusion and also play…

…movement until a clear resistance is felt — the tip of the cuff then lies at the oesophageal inlet. 6. Inflate the cuff to a seal…

…A wound that has not been irrigated clean, has not been inspected to its depth, and has not been assessed for tendon and nerve injury…

Clevidipine Drug Clevidipine Brand names Cleviprex ® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Treatment of postoperative hypertension. Mechanism of action Ultra short acting calcium channel blocker…

…total peripheral resistance, decreases systemic blood pressure, and decreases afterload. Nicardipine has antianginal and antihypertensive effects. Time to onset of action 5 to 15 minutes…

…myocardial wall stress and subendocardial ischemia. Neurohormonal activation and vascular and renal abnormalities contribute to sodium and water retention. The interaction between cardiac and renal…

…phenotype is then determined using pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAWP) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR): Haemodynamic category mPAP PAWP PVR Precapillary PH 20 mmHg ≤15…

…to an immediate increase in ejection fraction. Similarly, a decrease in afterload (e.g by means of decreased resistance in the systemic circulation) leads to…

…This is due to the fact that the left ventricle pumps against greater resistance and any disturbance in ventricular activation will reduce the efficiency of…

…and third degree AV blocks. Readers already familiar with the basics of AV blocks can proceed directly to the subsequent chapters, which provide detailed discussions…

…because the right ventricle is difficult to visualize clearly with trans thoracic echocardiography. Causes of right ventricular hypertrophy Lung disease (with increased pulmonary vascular resistance)…

…Hence, a proximal occlusion (in the RCA) which cuts off blood flow to the right ventricle, will also affect the inferior wall of the left…

…the right atrium is commonly a consequence of increased resistance to empty blood into the right ventricle. This may be due to pulmonary valve stenosis…

…workload controlled resistance; 12 lead ECG with continuous recording; automated or manual blood pressure measurement. Resuscitation trolley with defibrillator, oxygen, suction and emergency drugs in…

…postoperatively after major abdominal surgery, according to local practice. Enteral nutrition and drug administration when the patient cannot swallow safely, for example after a stroke…

…Smoking and insulin resistance are associated with both RA and cardiovascular risk. Dyslipidaemia may be difficult to interpret during active disease: inflammatory cytokines can lower…

…adiposity. Ethnic specific thresholds are lower or otherwise modified in some populations. Cardiometabolic mechanisms Visceral and ectopic fat are particularly relevant to cardiovascular risk. Excess…