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Stent Thrombosis: Timing, Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention

…therapy Nonadherence or discontinuation of clopidogrel or DAPT, reduced clopidogrel bioavailability, hyporesponsiveness or resistance to aspirin or clopidogrel Anatomic Long lesions, small vessels, multivessel disease…

Secondary Hypertension: When and How to Investigate

…pseudo resistance must be excluded. This includes: Poor adherence to antihypertensive treatment White coat hypertension Other contributors to apparently uncontrolled blood pressure Adherence should initially…

Fractional Flow Reserve and Non-Hyperaemic Pressure Ratios

…reserve (FFR) is an invasive, lesion specific physiological index used to estimate the functional significance of an epicardial coronary stenosis. It is defined during maximal…

Resistant Hypertension: Evaluation and Treatment

…Other guideline formulations similarly define resistant hypertension as blood pressure above goal despite three or more antihypertensive drugs from different classes at maximally tolerated doses…

Chronic Kidney Disease as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor

…burden of CKD extends beyond CAD to peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities…

Invasive Coronary Angiography: Indications and Vascular Access

…flow reserve (FFR) and instantaneous wave free ratio (iFR). Other invasive techniques can quantify coronary flow reserve (CFR), assess microvascular resistance, and investigate coronary vasospasm…

ApoB and Non-HDL Cholesterol in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment

…containing lipoproteins, including: LDL Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) Chylomicrons and other triglyceride rich particles Thus, non…

A new ECG biomarker for sudden cardiac death

…depends almost entirely on the capacity to identify, prospectively, those individuals genuinely at risk of arrest. This predictive problem has proven persistently resistant to resolution…

LDL Cholesterol Targets Across Cardiovascular Risk Categories

…combined dyslipidaemia, non HDL C is particularly relevant because it captures triglyceride rich lipoproteins in addition to LDL and other apoB containing particles. Cardiovascular risk…

Tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy

…venous pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and systemic vascular resistance increases. Harmful neurohormonal pathways are activated, similar to those seen in heart failure. A thorough…

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