…the specificity for pathological R wave progression is considerably lower than pathological Q waves and guidelines do not state any ECG criteria specific to R…

…Previous exacerbations and hospital admissions. Current inhaled treatment and adherence. Opioids, benzodiazepines and other sedating drugs. Thromboembolic risk, for example immobilisation, cancer and previous venous…

…Information about concurrent ticagrelor treatment is required for interpreting platelet function tests for HIT. Other cosiderations Based on a relationship observed in the PLATO study…

…or other non autosomal dominant mechanisms. Complex or multifactorial genetic architecture. The inheritance pattern affects the appropriate scope and duration of family surveillance. For example…

…and other apoB containing particles. Cardiovascular risk categories Primary prevention For adults aged 40–75 years without diabetes and with LDL C between 70 and…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes…

…the more myocardium can be salvaged. Call the PCI service in parallel with drug treatment and transport planning [1,5]. Symptom duration Under 12 hours…

…rests on the history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre. Indications Brief attacks…

…Interactions Pharmacodynamic interactions Anticoagulants, thrombolytics, or other platelet aggregation inhibitors: Salicylates inhibit platelet function and enhance the effect of anticoagulants, increasing bleeding risk. Monitor coagulation…

…need for anticoagulation, and whether coronary stents are present. Clinical objectives of therapy The main objectives of antiplatelet treatment after MI are to: prevent recurrent…

…cardiovascular risk for both initial and on treatment assessment. In most studies, its association with cardiovascular risk is at least as strong as, and often…

…effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to…

…peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack…

…Other life threatening cardiopulmonary conditions account for approximately 5% of presentations in some populations. Despite this relatively low prevalence, missed myocardial infarction remains consequential, and…

…completely different. It took roughly 50 years for researchers to finally conclude that high cholesterol levels caused coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis in general. This…

…stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or medical management. The standard post ACS regimen is DAPT for 12…

…acute stroke requires attention to the type of stroke and the possibility of thrombolytic treatment. Cardiac and pulmonary complications Acute hypertension may precipitate myocardial ischemia…

…myocardial infarction and stroke Likelihood of repeat revascularization Symptom burden and treatment goals Diabetes, left ventricular function and other comorbidities Surgical risk and contraindications to…

…atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and trauma. Atherosclerotic PAD is a manifestation…

…improves vascular health and may reduce cardiovascular risk within several years, although risk may remain higher than that of never smokers for a prolonged period…

…with a paper speed of 25 mm/s, which is standard in the US and many other countries, a 2:1 block will be difficult…

…has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy. This is because the strong and oppositely directed forces tend to cancel each other out. However…

…ischemic ST T changes. This is acknowledged in the latest recommendation issued by the International Society for Holter and Non Invasive Electrocardiology , where it is…

… one set for sending ultrasound and the other for analyzing reflected sound waves. The cardinal difference between continuous wave Doppler and pulsed wave Doppler is…

…annihilate each other, producing two gamma photons emitted in opposite directions. PET scanners detect these gamma rays to construct images with high spatial and temporal…

…young, old, healthy and diseased individuals. For example, roughly 90% of males aged <30 years display concave ST segment elevations in leads V2–V3. This…

…electrically dissociated from each other. This condition is referred to as atrioventricular (AV) dissociation. Importantly, for the ventricles to have any electrical (and thus pumping)…

…index 15–19 kg/m² 17–22 kg/m² Ideal and dosing weight Drug dosing often requires a weight other than the actual body weight…

…reduction as in the table above for rivaroxaban and edoxaban. Check every 6 months 15 30 Dabigatran contraindicated. The other DOACs are possible according to…

…side (yields fibrotic, unrepresentative marrow — choose the other side). A patient who cannot lie still — plan for sedation rather than abandoning the procedure. Choice of…

…plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous…

…to protect the surrounding skin. Eye protection and gloves for the operator. Explain before treatment that it stings intensely during thawing, that a blister (sometimes…

…edrophonium intravenously as a test dose . Observe pulse, blood pressure and muscle strength for a few minutes. 5. If the patient tolerates the test dose…

…Stockholm for the empirical antibiotic treatment of adults in hospital and in residential care homes (SÄBO) 2025/2026. They are Swedish regional recommendations and reflect…

…hypoxia, drug withdrawal and incorrect blood pressure measurement must be corrected before treatment is intensified [1,2]. The evidence that any particular intravenous drug improves…

…any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the symptoms and the patient's need for…

…hyponatraemic encephalopathy and warrant immediate treatment in the absence of another obvious explanation: Seizures A deeply reduced level of consciousness Coma Marked drowsiness, for example…

…with the other tests normal is most often enzyme induction by alcohol or drugs and is often of no clinical significance. Synthetic function and prognosis…

…Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the febrile response. A neutropenic patient with a suspected infection and organ dysfunction must therefore be managed as…

…mm), loculated or purely posterior effusion with no safe route for puncture — surgical drainage or pericardiotomy instead. Relative: uncorrected coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia and ongoing anticoagulant treatment…

…stock for a long period — check local availability. Betamethasone (Betapred 4 mg/mL) is water soluble and short acting, not a depot preparation, and gives…

…channel blocker or digitalis, while awaiting the antidote and specific treatment. Bradyasystole during and after cardiac arrest with persisting electrical activity. Overdrive pacing in bradycardia…

…Severe hypernatraemia. Preparation and equipment Two peripheral venous cannulas, or a central venous catheter for longer treatment. Sodium bicarbonate 50 mg/mL (corresponding to 0…

…Any other segment 40 mm in diameter. Thresholds for surgery Threshold for surgery Relevant patient category 27.5 mm/m 2 Turner syndrome 40 mm…

…predictive capability for major bleeding compared to ATRIA. ORBIT: Includes factors like older age, reduced hemoglobin/hematocrit, bleeding history, insufficient kidney function, and treatment with…

…risk factor for stroke in AF patients. Evidence suggests that the increased stroke risk in women is more closely associated with other comorbidities and age…

…used. Studies have shown that it performs similarly or superiorly to other bleeding risk assessment tools, such as HEMORR2HAGES, ATRIA, ORBIT, and GARFIELD AF scores…

…with HEMORR₂HAGES and ATRIA, respectively (Apostolakis et al). ATRIA Score: The same study found that the ATRIA score had a lower predictive performance for major…

…the sensitization of sensory nerve endings due to the accumulation of bradykinin. ACE is responsible for metabolizing bradykinin and other tachykinins, such as substance P…

…is generally related to an atherothrombotic event, whereas Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia and necrosis. Unstable angina (UA) represents myocardial…

…risk category and requires urgent evaluation for reperfusion treatment. Evaluation and physical examination Initial assessment Risk stratification begins with an immediate search for haemodynamic instability…

…Other definitions of unhealthy drinking include at least two drinks daily in women or three in men, or at least four drinks for women or…

…and other adverse influences disturb these functions. The resulting endothelial dysfunction promotes inappropriate vasoconstriction, adhesion of circulating cells, inflammatory cell entry into the intima, and…

…the most frequent supraventricular arrhythmia in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and is also a common tachyarrhythmia requiring treatment in decompensated heart failure (DHF)…

…Context Blood pressure management in older adults must account for chronological age, biological age, frailty, multimorbidity, cognitive status, functional capacity, orthostatic symptoms, and treatment burden…

…factors for poor outcomes. The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other…

…and the presence of concomitant risk factors. In contrast, patients with confirmed hypertension generally require BP lowering treatment without additional risk stratification for that treatment…

…heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities. CKD also worsens the prognosis of established CVD. Mechanisms linking CKD to cardiovascular disease The…

…lowering and other guideline directed therapies. Anti inflammatory treatment seeks to reduce this residual risk without necessarily altering lipid concentrations, blood pressure or other conventional…

…extent and complexity of coexisting coronary disease. Renal function, bleeding risk, comorbidities, frailty, and anticipated adherence to antithrombotic treatment. Whether the patient is suitable for…