…Hypoactive Lethargy, slow responses, reduced speech, immobility, poor food intake, reduced eye contact Common and particularly easy to miss. May be misinterpreted as fatigue, depression…

…sampling or cannulation delay inhaled treatment. 8. Reassess speech, work of breathing, level of consciousness and air entry repeatedly. 9. Measure PEF or FEV1 if…

…a change in behaviour, collapse or an acute neurological deficit. Hypoglycaemia can cause hemiparesis, aphasia and radiological changes resembling ischaemic stroke. Glucose measurement is therefore…

…is human speech. Humans speak by setting their vocal cords in motion. When vocal cords vibrate, they generate vibrations in the surrounding air and these…

…sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic ST T changes. They may occur in both NSTEMI and STEMI. QTc prolongation The QT…

…6. Assess the indication for antibiotics on the basis of sputum purulence, the other cardinal symptoms and the severity of the illness. 7. Start NIV…

…administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary Indications Ticagrelor, in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for…

…Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease…

…LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins play a causal role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). This causal relationship is supported by genetic, observational and…

…artery disease In clinical practice, myocardial ischemia occurs in numerous situations. In stable angina pectoris, there are atherosclerotic plaques which limit coronary blood flow and…

…two anatomically contiguous leads indicates STEMI when the following thresholds are met [1,3]: Leads Threshold : : All leads except V2 and V3 At least 1

…drugs . The diagnosis rests on the history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre…

…Prophylaxis against recurrence of cerebrovascular disease: 75–80 mg tablet once daily. Warnings and precautions Use Aspirin with caution in the following cases: Concurrent anticoagulant…

…other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet activation and aggregation contribute importantly to arterial thrombus formation, recurrent coronary occlusion, and…

…C) and other apoB containing lipoproteins in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the progressive deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB…

…that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD…

… known CAD, PAD, or other atherosclerotic disease; diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors; smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, and sedentary behaviour; family history, particularly in the broader…

…ACS). Other cardiopulmonary causes , including myopericardial disease, pulmonary embolism, aortic emergencies, and pneumothorax. Non cardiopulmonary causes , including gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and anxiety related disorders. The immediate…

…Study, which demonstrated that high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels, among other risk factors, were strongly associated with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction…

…syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or medical…

…a frequent trigger of decompensation and may produce abrupt pulmonary oedema, sometimes requiring non invasive ventilation or intubation. Aortic disease An acute aortic dissection is…

…main coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery…

…systemic arterial disease rather than an isolated disorder of the lower limbs. Patients frequently have concomitant coronary, cerebrovascular or other peripheral arterial disease, and management…

…other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not merely to reduce cigarette consumption but to achieve complete abstinence from tobacco and ultimately…

…with a paper speed of 25 mm/s, which is standard in the US and many other countries, a 2:1 block will be difficult…

…has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy. This is because the strong and oppositely directed forces tend to cancel each other out. However…

…segment elevations that are not caused by ischemia and a significant proportion have ST T changes caused by other pathological conditions (such as bundle branch…

…and the other for analyzing reflected sound waves. The cardinal difference between continuous wave Doppler and pulsed wave Doppler is that ultrasound is emitted and…

…annihilate each other, producing two gamma photons emitted in opposite directions. PET scanners detect these gamma rays to construct images with high spatial and temporal…

…They occur in young, old, healthy and diseased individuals. For example, roughly 90% of males aged <30 years display concave ST segment elevations in leads…

…atrial impulses are conducted to the ventricles. The atria and the ventricles are electrically dissociated from each other. This condition is referred to as atrioventricular…

…index 15–19 kg/m² 17–22 kg/m² Ideal and dosing weight Drug dosing often requires a weight other than the actual body weight…

…as in the table above for rivaroxaban and edoxaban. Check every 6 months 15 30 Dabigatran contraindicated. The other DOACs are possible according to FASS…

…myeloproliferative neoplasm. Work up and staging of lymphoma and myeloma. Suspected bone marrow metastasis. Assessment of treatment response and measurement of residual disease (MRD). Fever…

…plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous…

…front , and this is why the margin must be included in the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis…

…block without pacemaker protection. Asthma and other marked obstructive airways disease — relative; the risk of bronchospasm is real. Hypotension and haemodynamic instability. Respiratory compromise during…

…then 100 mg × 1 5–7 days Epiglottitis and other severe upper airway infection cefotaxime 1–2 g × 3 IV Depends on the diagnosis Always…

…following 24 to 48 hours [3,4,6]. This is a general principle, not a universal target. Chronic hypertension shifts autoregulation in the brain and…

…of the symptoms governs the emergency treatment Severe symptoms The following symptoms indicate hyponatraemic encephalopathy and warrant immediate treatment in the absence of another obvious…

…are distinguished by the history and the speed of the course. An AST/ALT ratio 2 with moderately raised values suggests alcohol related liver disease…

…pregnant women, patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and patients treated with CAR T cells or other advanced immunotherapies may require separate local protocols. Definition…

…in mitral and tricuspid inflow The echocardiographic counterpart of pulsus paradoxus Contraindications In overt tamponade with shock there are no absolute contraindications other than the…

Procedurer A corticosteroid injection into soft tissue gives rapid but time limited pain relief and rarely alters the natural history of the disease. In lateral…

…spike is followed by a wide QRS complex and a pulse that can be felt. The other predictable error is forgetting that pacing hurts a…

…Poisoning with other weak acids where the poison control centre recommends it, for example certain phenoxy acid herbicides (2,4 D, MCPA) and methotrexate overdose…

[calc_aorta] Sinus of Valsalva (SOV) and Aortic Root Assessment The sinus of Valsalva diameter (SOVd) is a critical measurement in evaluating aortic root morphology…

…score. Comparison with other bleeding risk models Several bleeding risk assessment tools exist for patients with AF, including HAS BLED, HEMORR2HAGES, and ORBIT scores. Each…

…AF patients. Evidence suggests that the increased stroke risk in women is more closely associated with other comorbidities and age rather than sex alone. Consequently…

…used. Studies have shown that it performs similarly or superiorly to other bleeding risk assessment tools, such as HEMORR2HAGES, ATRIA, ORBIT, and GARFIELD AF scores…

…Components of the HEMORR₂HAGES Score The acronym HEMORR₂HAGES represents the following parameters: H epatic or renal disease (1 point) E thanol abuse (1 point) M…

…the sensitization of sensory nerve endings due to the accumulation of bradykinin. ACE is responsible for metabolizing bradykinin and other tachykinins, such as substance P…

…and blood supply, generally during exertion, emotional stress, or another stressor. Manifestations include angina, other chest discomfort, dyspnoea, or no symptoms. Although chronic coronary disease…

…Respiratory rate and oxygenation Evidence of systemic congestion or acute RV failure Syncope or altered clinical status Comorbid cardiopulmonary disease, active cancer, and other conditions…

…hypertension and atherosclerotic coronary disease In patients with heavy alcohol use, left ventricular dilation may precede the development of increased left ventricular hypertrophy and mass…

…inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction, immune cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact to produce focal…

…artery disease. Proposed explanations in the source material include cardiac memory after abnormal ventricular activation, transient rate related conduction abnormalities, pacing related repolarization changes, and…

…dynamic and may improve or worsen with illness, treatment, or other interventions. Frailty commonly overlaps with multimorbidity and is frequent in patients with cardiovascular disease…

…mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections. However, in some individuals the infection may be severe and deadly…

…applicable Moderate or severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) Hypertension mediated organ damage (HMOD) Probable or definite familial hypercholesterolaemia Other markedly abnormal single risk factors or…