…effective public health measure available ( Ezzati et al, Lim et al ). Approximately 90–95% of individuals with hypertension have essential hypertension , also referred to as…

…outcomes. The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections…

…as well as the hospital cardiac arrest team (CAT) and intensive care units and other units caring for resuscitated patients. Figure 1. The chain of…

…ischemia. Inverted U waves are even more typical of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic ST T changes…

…and other sedating drugs. Thromboembolic risk, for example immobilisation, cancer and previous venous thromboembolism. A documented decision on the ceiling of care. Signs of a…

Info Table 1 provides a summary of the indications, contraindications, dosage, administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary…

…scope Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular…

…a therapeutic objective. LDL C as the primary treatment target Current lipid management frameworks place LDL C at the centre of treatment. Lifestyle intervention is…

…ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as the primary energy source…

…unstable angina. Management begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable 12 lead ECG within 10 minutes of first medical contact, attach…

…pillow to place under the shoulders as an alternative to a hanging head. Frenzel goggles or video Frenzel if available — small beats of nystagmus can…

…NSAIDs). Other contraindications: Hemophilia. Thrombocytopenia. Active gastric or duodenal ulcers. Liver cirrhosis. Severe heart failure. Doses 100 mg/day during the third trimester of pregnancy…

…administered as soon as possible in the absence of contraindications, using a loading dose followed by maintenance treatment. The source material does not specify the…

…C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory reactions that promote plaque formation and progression. As the burden of retained…

…affects only one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary…

…operative assessment, or evaluation of other atherosclerotic disease. Routine population screening is not recommended because the prevalence of severe asymptomatic stenosis is low, screening has…

…Relevant predispositions, such as connective tissue disease. No single pain descriptor is diagnostic. The severity of pain also has limited discriminatory value. Features suggesting myocardial…

…This knowledge has been translated into remarkable advances in the management of coronary artery disease, as demonstrated in the figure below (from Nabel et al…

…In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography…

…or other vascular beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the…

…other comorbidities Surgical risk and contraindications to prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy Patient preferences, local expertise and operator or institutional experience Assessment of coronary complexity The…

…is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and trauma. Atherosclerotic PAD is a manifestation of…

…is the complete discontinuation of tobacco smoking, with avoidance of second hand smoke and, where possible, other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective…

…as compared with atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter is not capable of persisting for longer periods of time. This is due to the fact that atrial…

…This is because the strong and oppositely directed forces tend to cancel each other out. However, the ECG may show features characteristic of biventricular hypertrophy…

…myocardial ischemia. Other symptoms include dyspnea, pain radiating to the left arm/shoulder/throat, palpitations, back pain and selected cases of upper abdominal pain. An…

…using two different sets of piezoelectric crystals; one set for sending ultrasound and the other for analyzing reflected sound waves. The cardinal difference between continuous…

…tomographic images of the left ventricle. In PET (Positron Emission Tomography), radiotracers emit positrons. When a positron collides with an electron, they annihilate each other…

…ischemia, it merely reduces the probability of ischemia as the underlying cause. Concave ST segment elevations are very common in the population (discussed below). Study…

…most often not equal (which makes the PR interval appear as varying). Management of third degree AV block Please refer to Management of AV Blocks.

…between the lowest rib and the iliac crest, at the end of expiration, with the tape horizontal and without compressing the skin. Ratios and other…

…50 Dose reduction as in the table above for rivaroxaban and edoxaban. Check every 6 months 15 30 Dabigatran contraindicated. The other DOACs are possible…

…marrow — choose the other side). A patient who cannot lie still — plan for sedation rather than abandoning the procedure. Choice of site The posterior superior…

…of infection. Indications Infusion of vesicant solutions: vasopressors, concentrated potassium, cytotoxic drugs, parenteral nutrition. The need for several simultaneous, incompatible infusions. Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other…

…front , and this is why the margin must be included in the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis…

…obstruction of the bowel or the urinary tract. Marked bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome or high grade AV block without pacemaker protection. Asthma and other marked…

…kg IV as a single dose Urosepsis with shock and suspected ESBL meropenem 1 g × 3 IV Do not treat asymptomatic bacteriuria. The exceptions are…

…Condition Overall strategy Common first choices : : : Acute aortic syndrome Immediate rate control and rapid reduction of the systolic blood pressure towards 100 to 120 mmHg…

…glucose administration adapted to the cause. 8. Identify drugs, renal failure, alcohol, a missed meal, physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds…

…of impending overcorrection. Grading Hyponatraemia is defined as a plasma sodium below 135 mmol/L. The biochemical grade alone does not indicate how acute the…

…A markedly raised GGT with the other tests normal is most often enzyme induction by alcohol or drugs and is often of no clinical significance…

…pain or a rapid deterioration in general condition may be the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the febrile response…

…inflow The echocardiographic counterpart of pulsus paradoxus Contraindications In overt tamponade with shock there are no absolute contraindications other than the conditions in which the…

…of loading, eccentric exercise, an NSAID, an orthosis — has not given a sufficient effect. Contraindications Absolute: Cellulitis, a skin wound or other infection over the…

…support is given as an infusion of isoprenaline, adrenaline or dopamine according to local practice, and does not replace pacing when the patient is markedly…

…generous fluid administration. The benefit of alkalinisation over fluids alone is disputed and practice differs between units. Poisoning with other weak acids where the poison…

…help determine expected normal values based on body surface area (BSA), aiding in the diagnosis of aortic root dilation. Key Formulas BSA Calculation (Mosteller formula): [ …

…Proietti M, Lane DA, Lip GYH. Evaluation of the HAS BLED, ATRIA, and ORBIT bleeding risk scores in atrial fibrillation patients on warfarin. Am J…

…studies have questioned the significance of female sex as an independent risk factor for stroke in AF patients. Evidence suggests that the increased stroke risk…

…regardless of the type of oral anticoagulant used. Studies have shown that it performs similarly or superiorly to other bleeding risk assessment tools, such as…

…3 Interpretation of HEMORR₂HAGES score. Comparison with ATRIA and HAS BLED Scores Several studies have compared the predictive performance of HEMORR₂HAGES with other bleeding risk…

…involve the sensitization of sensory nerve endings due to the accumulation of bradykinin. ACE is responsible for metabolizing bradykinin and other tachykinins, such as substance…

…the fourth universal definition of MI. Type 1 MI is generally related to an atherothrombotic event, whereas Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of…

…The clinical consequences are particularly important when pulmonary vascular obstruction is accompanied by limited cardiopulmonary reserve or other adverse comorbidity. The classification of acute PE…

…as at least eight drinks weekly in females or at least 15 drinks weekly in males, or binge drinking in either sex. Other definitions of…

…and control the adhesion and migration of inflammatory cells. Dyslipidaemia, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other adverse influences disturb these functions. The resulting endothelial…

…Whether an accessory pathway is suspected, particularly before administration of digoxin The duration of the AF episode, if known The presence of thromboembolic risk fa

…trial participants who were described as frail generally had no more than mild frailty, limiting the applicability of trial findings to people with substantial functional…

…They should not be applied as the principal risk tool in people with: Documented atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) Diabetes mellitus in circumstances where diabetes specific…

…The cardiovascular burden of CKD extends beyond CAD to peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or…