…with neutropenia related to cancer treatment. Children, pregnant women, patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and patients treated with CAR T cells or other advanced…

…of foamy macrophages. The occurrence of neoatherosclerosis helps explain why ISR and other stent related events may arise well after the initial intervention. Mechanical mechanisms…

…6. Assess the indication for antibiotics on the basis of sputum purulence, the other cardinal symptoms and the severity of the illness. 7. Start NIV…

…CPR education programs) and local level (e.g. EMS protocols, in hospital protocols, etc) is necessary to improve outcomes in out of hospital cardiac arrest…

…to a complex fibroatheroma. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) migrate from the tunica media into the intima, driven by platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and other…

…are too costly or invasive to screen a population. The surface ECG is the obvious cheap, standardized, universally available alternative, and it has been mined…

…current ability to predict cardiac arrest remains poor at best. A key explanation for this is the stochastic nature of sudden cardiac arrest and death…

…of the R waves. This is believed to be due to delayed (and thus electrically unopposed) depolarization in the ischemic area. Fragmented QRS complex The…

…reported in patients taking ticagrelor. This is related to ticagrelor inhibiting the P2Y12 receptor on healthy donor platelets in the test. Information about concurrent ticagrelor…

…risk of transmitting the relevant variant to each child. However, other inheritance patterns, de novo variants, incomplete penetrance and variable phenotypic expression complicate risk prediction…

…in addition to LDL and other apoB containing particles. Cardiovascular risk categories Primary prevention For adults aged 40–75 years without diabetes and with LDL…

…blood flow to maintain cellular function. Myocardial ischemia occurs when there is insufficient oxygen available. Insufficient oxygen supply results in diminished ATP production and subsequently…

…2 to 24 hours After failed fibrinolysis Immediate rescue PCI The 120 minute limit is a ceiling for the choice between primary PCI and fibrinolysis…

…Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre. Indications Brief attacks of vertigo, seconds to a minute…

…min). Patients with mild to moderate heart failure, kidney or liver disease, especially when combined with diuretics (risk of fluid retention and impaired kidney function)…

…term interventions intended to reduce recurrent infarction, ischaemic stroke, cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular…

…containing lipoproteins, including: LDL Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) Chylomicrons and other triglyceride rich particles Thus, non…

…compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic…

…PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke…

…the chest and may extend to the arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, upper back, abdomen, or epigastrium. Dyspnoea, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, fatigue, faintness, and other symptoms…

…In this post I would like to discuss hot topics related to coronary artery disease and I will emphasize on issues that are typically raised…

…acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI…

…sufficient Severe elevation Acute HMOD Present Absent clinically Symptoms Often present and related to the affected organ May be absent or nonspecific Treatment setting Usually…

…burden and treatment goals Diabetes, left ventricular function and other comorbidities Surgical risk and contraindications to prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy Patient preferences, local expertise and…

…also provides an opportunity to recognise atherosclerosis in other arterial territories and to initiate secondary prevention. Clinical assessment should include functional status and walking capacity…

…hand smoke and, where possible, other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not merely to reduce cigarette consumption but to achieve complete…

…which is standard in the US and many other countries, a 2:1 block will be difficult to discern because the flutter wave may fuse…

…ECG has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy. This is because the strong and oppositely directed forces tend to cancel each other out…

…other symptoms that may be caused by myocardial ischemia. Other symptoms include dyspnea, pain radiating to the left arm/shoulder/throat, palpitations, back pain and…

…velocitites to be measured. Continuous wave Doppler is therefore not limited by pulse repetition frequency (PRF). Figure 1. The principles of continuous wave Doppler and…

…annihilate each other, producing two gamma photons emitted in opposite directions. PET scanners detect these gamma rays to construct images with high spatial and temporal…

…on the other hand, are much less likely to be caused by ischemia ( Figure 1 B ). This is noted in both North American and European…

…electrically dissociated from each other. This condition is referred to as atrioventricular (AV) dissociation. Importantly, for the ventricles to have any electrical (and thus pumping)…

…index 15–19 kg/m² 17–22 kg/m² Ideal and dosing weight Drug dosing often requires a weight other than the actual body weight…

…as in the table above for rivaroxaban and edoxaban. Check every 6 months 15 30 Dabigatran contraindicated. The other DOACs are possible according to FASS…

…5. Aspiration: advance the needle with the stylet in place perpendicular to the bone surface, angled slightly anteriorly and medially. Rotate under steady pressure until…

…plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous…

…on an irregular surface. Petroleum jelly around the lesion to protect the surrounding skin. Eye protection and gloves for the operator. Explain before treatment that…

…time to diplopia on upward gaze, or the number of seconds the patient can hold the head lifted off the couch. Filming before and during…

…then 100 mg × 1 5–7 days Epiglottitis and other severe upper airway infection cefotaxime 1–2 g × 3 IV Depends on the diagnosis Always…

…evidence to determine which agent is best. The choice is therefore governed chiefly by the target organ damage, the pharmacology of the drug, comorbidity, and…

…or with continued glucose administration adapted to the cause. 8. Identify drugs, renal failure, alcohol, a missed meal, physical activity and any other precipitating factor…

…s exchangeable sodium and potassium and the total body water. In hypotonic hyponatraemia the amount of water is too great in relation to the amount…

…suspicion to bone, pregnancy or malignancy. A markedly raised GGT with the other tests normal is most often enzyme induction by alcohol or drugs and…

…liver, lung or vessel lies in the path of the needle. Access Puncture site Direction Comment : : : : Subxiphoid 1–2 cm below and to the left

…or other infection over the injection site. Bacteraemia or suspected septic bursitis or arthritis. A joint prosthesis in the adjacent joint. Known hypersensitivity to the…

…praecordium to the left of the sternum, the other on the back between the left scapula and the spine. The anterolateral position also works and…

…urine to alkalinise, and the sodium and volume load becomes pure harm. Dialysis is then the way forward. Heart failure, pulmonary oedema and other conditions…

[calc_aorta] Sinus of Valsalva (SOV) and Aortic Root Assessment The sinus of Valsalva diameter (SOVd) is a critical measurement in evaluating aortic root morphology…

…score. Comparison with other bleeding risk models Several bleeding risk assessment tools exist for patients with AF, including HAS BLED, HEMORR2HAGES, and ORBIT scores. Each…

…is more closely associated with other comorbidities and age rather than sex alone. Consequently, the CHA₂DS₂ VA score was developed to provide a more accurate…

…superiorly to other bleeding risk assessment tools, such as HEMORR2HAGES, ATRIA, ORBIT, and GARFIELD AF scores. Moreover, the HAS BLED score has been found to…

…for major bleeding compared to HAS BLED. The C indices were 0.60 for HAS BLED, 0.55 for HEMORR₂HAGES, and 0.50 for ATRIA…

…of these adverse events are related to the suppression of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), such as decreases in blood pressure and mild azotemia…

…MI. Type 1 MI is generally related to an atherothrombotic event, whereas Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia and necrosis. Unstable…

…haemodynamic collapse, and death. The clinical consequences are particularly important when pulmonary vascular obstruction is accompanied by limited cardiopulmonary reserve or other adverse comorbidity. The…

…impair left ventricular ejection fraction. Enlargement of the left ventricle predisposes to atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. In advanced alcohol related cardiomyopathy, dilation may involve all…

…risk plaques may coexist within one coronary tree, and inflammatory activity may be widespread rather than confined to a single lesion. Plaque composition is heterogeneous…

…contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the brain. Patients with AF in the setting of ACS have more comorbidities and…

…characterized by reduced physiological reserve and increased vulnerability to adverse outcomes. It is dynamic and may improve or worsen with illness, treatment, or other interventions…