…among others, can raise the blood pressure. Serotonin syndrome can also cause autonomic instability and hypertension [4]. Step 2: look systematically for acute organ damage…

…the context of pregnancy, hypovolemia and other etiologies of hypotension remain the predominant causes of cardiac arrest. Should cardiac arrest occur postpartum, hemorrhage must be…

…of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic ST T changes. They may occur in both NSTEMI and STEMI…

…Key messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood gas…

…administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary Indications Ticagrelor, in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for…

…Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease…

…C) is the principal therapeutic target in lipid management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins play a causal role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…shock, serious arrhythmia or acute heart failure. Routine opening of a persistently occluded infarct related artery in a stable and asymptomatic patient is by contrast…

…drugs . The diagnosis rests on the history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre…

…Risk of acute kidney injury increases when combined with ACE inhibitors. Corticosteroids and other NSAIDs: Increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding when combined with acetylsalicylic acid…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…burden of retained atherogenic particles accumulates over time, the probability of an acute atherosclerotic cardiovascular event increases. Non HDL Cholesterol Non HDL C is calculated…

…only one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and…

…peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack…

…of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured around three principal diagnostic categories: Myocardial ischaemia , particularly acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Other cardiopulmonary causes , including myopericardial disease…

…with homozygous FH typically die from acute myocardial infarction at 20 to 30 years of age. People with familial hypercholesterolemia have no other metabolic aberration…

…In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography…

…the kidneys, retina, and brain. Its clinical retinal signature includes flame haemorrhages, cotton wool spots, and papilloedema. Associated complications may include encephalopathy, acute heart failure…

…The clinical presentation of multivessel CAD varies from stable angina or exertional limitation to acute coronary syndrome (ACS), ventricular arrhythmia, heart failure or cardiogenic shock…

…or arteries supplying the limbs. In adults over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia…

…with avoidance of second hand smoke and, where possible, other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not merely to reduce cigarette consumption…

…most cardiac conditions may be associated with atrial flutter. As compared with several other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial flutter does not occur among otherwise healthy individuals…

…cancel each other out. However, the ECG may show features characteristic of biventricular hypertrophy. Biventricular hypertrophy ECG In case the ECG or other examinations suggest…

…in acute coronary syndromes & chest pain patients An ECG must be performed on all patients seeking medical attention due to chest discomfort or other symptoms…

…two different sets of piezoelectric crystals; one set for sending ultrasound and the other for analyzing reflected sound waves. The cardinal difference between continuous wave…

…radiotracers emit positrons. When a positron collides with an electron, they annihilate each other, producing two gamma photons emitted in opposite directions. PET scanners detect…

…upsloping, or downsloping) or convex ST segment strongly suggest acute transmural ischemia ( Figure 1 A ). Concave ST segment elevations, on the other hand, are much…

…atrial impulses are conducted to the ventricles. The atria and the ventricles are electrically dissociated from each other. This condition is referred to as atrioventricular…

…and without compressing the skin. Ratios and other measurements Measurement Calculation Threshold : : : Waist–hip ratio Waist / hip Men 0.90, women 0.85 = abdominal…

…rivaroxaban and edoxaban. Check every 6 months 15 30 Dabigatran contraindicated. The other DOACs are possible according to FASS, but the documentation is insufficient; check…

…well the puncture went. Indications Unexplained cytopenia in one or more cell lines. Suspected acute leukaemia, myelodysplastic syndrome or myeloproliferative neoplasm. Work up and staging…

…incompatible infusions. Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure…

…margin must be included in the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is…

…sick sinus syndrome or high grade AV block without pacemaker protection. Asthma and other marked obstructive airways disease — relative; the risk of bronchospasm is real…

…then 100 mg × 1 5–7 days Epiglottitis and other severe upper airway infection cefotaxime 1–2 g × 3 IV Depends on the diagnosis Always…

…are hypertensive encephalopathy, intracerebral haemorrhage, acute coronary syndrome, acute left ventricular failure with pulmonary oedema, acute aortic syndrome, acute kidney injury, microangiopathic haemolysis, and severe…

…Identify drugs, renal failure, alcohol, a missed meal, physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes…

…1. Assess airway, breathing and circulation. 2. Assess the neurological symptoms and at the same time exclude other acute causes, for example hypoglycaemia, poisoning, stroke…

…Go through the medication and any herbal preparations carefully — drug induced liver injury is the commonest cause of acute liver failure in the Nordic countries.

…pregnant women, patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and patients treated with CAR T cells or other advanced immunotherapies may require separate local protocols. Definition…

…pulsus paradoxus Contraindications In overt tamponade with shock there are no absolute contraindications other than the conditions in which the procedure is the wrong treatment …

…a sufficient effect. Contraindications Absolute: Cellulitis, a skin wound or other infection over the injection site. Bacteraemia or suspected septic bursitis or arthritis. A joint…

…a pulse that can be felt. The other predictable error is forgetting that pacing hurts a great deal in a conscious patient. Indications Immediate (transcutaneous)…

…forward. Heart failure, pulmonary oedema and other conditions with a high risk of fluid overload — a relative contraindication requiring invasive monitoring and slower administration. Significant…

…Definition of aortic aneurysm Sinus of Valsalva 45 mm. Any other segment 40 mm in diameter. Thresholds for surgery Threshold for surgery Relevant patient category…

…8% Interpretation of ATRIA risk score. Comparison with other bleeding risk models Several bleeding risk assessment tools exist for patients with AF, including HAS BLED…

…AF patients. Evidence suggests that the increased stroke risk in women is more closely associated with other comorbidities and age rather than sex alone. Consequently…

…of the type of oral anticoagulant used. Studies have shown that it performs similarly or superiorly to other bleeding risk assessment tools, such as HEMORR2HAGES…

…HEMORR₂HAGES score. Comparison with ATRIA and HAS BLED Scores Several studies have compared the predictive performance of HEMORR₂HAGES with other bleeding risk assessment tools, notably…

…the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial infarction (MI) care. Despite their proven morbidity…

…Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia and necrosis. Unstable angina (UA) represents myocardial ischaemia without demonstrable acute cardiomyocyte injury or necrosis…

…acute RV failure Syncope or altered clinical status Comorbid cardiopulmonary disease, active cancer, and other conditions incorporated into validated clinical risk tools Acute RV failure…

…Acute exposure produces transient haemodynamic and myocardial effects, whereas sustained heavy consumption is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure and alcohol related…

…Dyslipidaemia, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other adverse influences disturb these functions. The resulting endothelial dysfunction promotes inappropriate vasoconstriction, adhesion of circulating cells, inflammatory…

…infarction may indicate an increased long term risk of stroke. In patients with acute decompensated heart failure, AF with rapid ventricular response is particularly important…

…treatment, or other interventions. Frailty commonly overlaps with multimorbidity and is frequent in patients with cardiovascular disease, including heart failure and ischaemic heart disease. Ageing…

…The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections. However…

…or definite familial hypercholesterolaemia Other markedly abnormal single risk factors or genetic, rare lipid, or BP disorders Pregnancy Established ASCVD includes previous acute coronary syndrome…

…disease; preparation for renal replacement therapy is required 5 <15 mL/min/1.73 m² Kidney failure range Highest likelihood of requiring renal replacement therap