…order to suggest ischemia. Inverted U waves are even more typical of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic…

…Akutsjukvård Lathundar Key messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the…

…administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary Indications Ticagrelor, in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for…

…dominant transmission, in which an affected heterozygous individual has a 50% risk of transmitting the relevant variant to each child. However, other inheritance patterns, de…

…combined dyslipidaemia, non HDL C is particularly relevant because it captures triglyceride rich lipoproteins in addition to LDL and other apoB containing particles. Cardiovascular risk…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…dangerous differential diagnoses [1,2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based…

…test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre. Indications Brief attacks of vertigo, seconds to a minute or so…

…Risk of acute kidney injury increases when combined with ACE inhibitors. Corticosteroids and other NSAIDs: Increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding when combined with acetylsalicylic acid…

…with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet activation and aggregation contribute importantly to arterial thrombus formation…

…containing lipoproteins, including: LDL Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) Chylomicrons and other triglyceride rich particles Thus, non…

…compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic…

…PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke…

…Myocardial injury leads to release of cardiac troponin, but troponin elevation is not specific for myocardial infarction. Other conditions may produce cardiomyocyte injury and elevated…

…with homozygous FH typically die from acute myocardial infarction at 20 to 30 years of age. People with familial hypercholesterolemia have no other metabolic aberration…

…acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI…

…acute HMOD, although other guidance emphasizes that no single BP threshold is diagnostically sufficient: the presence of ongoing acute organ injury is decisive. The pathophysiology…

…and treatment goals Diabetes, left ventricular function and other comorbidities Surgical risk and contraindications to prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy Patient preferences, local expertise and operator…

…loss of independence. Identification of PAD also provides an opportunity to recognise atherosclerosis in other arterial territories and to initiate secondary prevention. Clinical assessment should…

…other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not merely to reduce cigarette consumption but to achieve complete abstinence from tobacco and ultimately…

…other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial flutter does not occur among otherwise healthy individuals. Atrial flutter causes characteristic ECG changes, as discussed below. Atrial flutter tends to…

…ECG has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy. This is because the strong and oppositely directed forces tend to cancel each other out…

…medical attention due to chest discomfort or other symptoms that may be caused by myocardial ischemia. Other symptoms include dyspnea, pain radiating to the left…

…two different sets of piezoelectric crystals; one set for sending ultrasound and the other for analyzing reflected sound waves. The cardinal difference between continuous wave…

…they annihilate each other, producing two gamma photons emitted in opposite directions. PET scanners detect these gamma rays to construct images with high spatial and…

…The injury currents are not strong enough to be detected on leads with opposite angle of observation. Other vectors may interfere with the injury currents…

…atrial impulses are conducted to the ventricles. The atria and the ventricles are electrically dissociated from each other. This condition is referred to as atrioventricular …

…and without compressing the skin. Ratios and other measurements Measurement Calculation Threshold : : : Waist–hip ratio Waist / hip Men 0.90, women 0.85 = abdominal…

…rivaroxaban and edoxaban. Check every 6 months 15 30 Dabigatran contraindicated. The other DOACs are possible according to FASS, but the documentation is insufficient; check…

…red marrow is abundant, and the distance to vessels and abdominal organs is large. The sternum may be used for aspiration when the iliac crest…

…incompatible infusions. Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure…

…margin must be included in the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is…

…the test must therefore never be performed without atropine, ECG monitoring and access to airway support. Indications Clinically suspected myasthenia gravis in a patient with…

…then 100 mg × 1 5–7 days Epiglottitis and other severe upper airway infection cefotaxime 1–2 g × 3 IV Depends on the diagnosis Always…

…rapidly with intravenous drugs. Such treatment has not been shown to improve the prognosis and can cause hypotension, acute kidney injury, myocardial ischaemia or cerebral…

…or with continued glucose administration adapted to the cause. 8. Identify drugs, renal failure, alcohol, a missed meal, physical activity and any other precipitating factor…

…main clinical rule Two questions determine the initial management: 1. Does the patient have severe neurological symptoms that may be due to the hyponatraemia? 2…

…biliary cholangitis, drugs Mixed Both raised Drug induced liver injury is the commonest cause Isolated bilirubin Unconjugated, the others normal Gilbert's syndrome, haemolysis The…

…a blood gas, coagulation tests and other investigations according to the clinical picture 5 Take cultures or molecular tests from the suspected focus, but avoid…

…pulsus paradoxus Contraindications In overt tamponade with shock there are no absolute contraindications other than the conditions in which the procedure is the wrong treatment …

…or other infection over the injection site. Bacteraemia or suspected septic bursitis or arthritis. A joint prosthesis in the adjacent joint. Known hypersensitivity to the…

…preferably anteroposteriorly : one anteriorly over the praecordium to the left of the sternum, the other on the back between the left scapula and the spine…

…be considered. Rhabdomyolysis with marked elevation of CK and threatened kidney injury, as an adjunct to the decisive measure: early and generous fluid administration. The…

…Definition of aortic aneurysm Sinus of Valsalva 45 mm. Any other segment 40 mm in diameter. Thresholds for surgery Threshold for surgery Relevant patient category…

…Factors in Atrial Fibrillation) Bleeding Risk Score is a clinical tool designed to estimate the risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF…

…is more closely associated with other comorbidities and age rather than sex alone. Consequently, the CHA₂DS₂ VA score was developed to provide a more accurate…

…superiorly to other bleeding risk assessment tools, such as HEMORR2HAGES, ATRIA, ORBIT, and GARFIELD AF scores. Moreover, the HAS BLED score has been found to…

…HEMORR₂HAGES score. Comparison with ATRIA and HAS BLED Scores Several studies have compared the predictive performance of HEMORR₂HAGES with other bleeding risk assessment tools, notably…

…is thought to involve the sensitization of sensory nerve endings due to the accumulation of bradykinin. ACE is responsible for metabolizing bradykinin and other tachykinins…

…and heart failure are among the conditions associated with myocardial injury. Relationship to chronic coronary syndromes Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) describe stable period clinical presentations…

…is classified according to haemodynamic status, clinical severity, evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and myocardial injury. This classification is central to determining the intensity…

…drinking in either sex. Other definitions of unhealthy drinking include at least two drinks daily in women or three in men, or at least four…

…cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact to produce focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is…

…the risk of stroke and other thromboembolic events. Subclinical cerebral injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the brain…

…characterized by reduced physiological reserve and increased vulnerability to adverse outcomes. It is dynamic and may improve or worsen with illness, treatment, or other interventions…

…The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections. However…

…and SCORE2 Older Persons (SCORE2 OP) are European risk prediction models designed to estimate 10 year risk of both fatal and non fatal CVD events…

…and other arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities. CKD also worsens the prognosis of established CVD. Mechanisms linking CKD to cardiovascular disease The association is mediated by…

…not reduce cardiovascular outcomes, and several other agents, including pexelizumab, losmapimod and darapladib, failed to demonstrate clinical benefit in the settings studied. Clinical application and…

…revascularization is that untreated, flow limiting disease may continue to cause ischaemia, recurrent symptoms, myocardial infarction, or other major adverse cardiovascular events. Complete revascularization is…