…ischemia. Inverted U waves are even more typical of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic ST T changes…

…and other sedating drugs. Thromboembolic risk, for example immobilisation, cancer and previous venous thromboembolism. A documented decision on the ceiling of care. Signs of a…

Info Table 1 provides a summary of the indications, contraindications, dosage, administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary…

…scope Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular…

…C = total cholesterol − HDL C Apolipoprotein B (apoB) reflects the concentration of circulating atherogenic particles because each apoB containing particle carries one apoB molecule…

…ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as the primary energy source…

…unstable angina. Management begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable 12 lead ECG within 10 minutes of first medical contact, attach…

…drugs . The diagnosis rests on the history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre…

…NSAIDs). Other contraindications: Hemophilia. Thrombocytopenia. Active gastric or duodenal ulcers. Liver cirrhosis. Severe heart failure. Doses 100 mg/day during the third trimester of pregnancy…

…atherothrombotic events in chronic coronary disease; preserve the benefit of coronary intervention while limiting major and clinically relevant bleeding. Long term antiplatelet therapy after STEMI…

…disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the progressive deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory…

…affects only one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary…

…operative assessment, or evaluation of other atherosclerotic disease. Routine population screening is not recommended because the prevalence of severe asymptomatic stenosis is low, screening has…

…Other cardiopulmonary causes , including myopericardial disease, pulmonary embolism, aortic emergencies, and pneumothorax. Non cardiopulmonary causes , including gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and anxiety related disorders. The immediate objective…

…FH). Heterozygous FH results in high LDL cholesterol levels (but nothing else) and increases the risk of acute myocardial infarction by more than 50 times…

…In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography…

…or other vascular beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the…

…other comorbidities Surgical risk and contraindications to prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy Patient preferences, local expertise and operator or institutional experience Assessment of coronary complexity The…

…is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and trauma. Atherosclerotic PAD is a manifestation of…

…is the complete discontinuation of tobacco smoking, with avoidance of second hand smoke and, where possible, other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective…

…of 25 mm/s, which is standard in the US and many other countries, a 2:1 block will be difficult to discern because the…

…This is because the strong and oppositely directed forces tend to cancel each other out. However, the ECG may show features characteristic of biventricular hypertrophy…

…myocardial ischemia. Other symptoms include dyspnea, pain radiating to the left arm/shoulder/throat, palpitations, back pain and selected cases of upper abdominal pain. An…

…using two different sets of piezoelectric crystals; one set for sending ultrasound and the other for analyzing reflected sound waves. The cardinal difference between continuous…

…tomographic images of the left ventricle. In PET (Positron Emission Tomography), radiotracers emit positrons. When a positron collides with an electron, they annihilate each other…

…with the opposite angle of observation. The injury currents are not strong enough to be detected on leads with opposite angle of observation. Other vectors…

…in reduced cardiac output and risk of hypoperfusion. Distinguishing AV block 2 and AV block 3 In case the distinction between second degree AV block…

…between the lowest rib and the iliac crest, at the end of expiration, with the tape horizontal and without compressing the skin. Ratios and other…

…by the bleeding risk of the procedure and by renal function. In markedly reduced renal function (dabigatran at eGFR <30 mL/min, the other DOACs…

…marrow — choose the other side). A patient who cannot lie still — plan for sedation rather than abandoning the procedure. Choice of site The posterior superior…

…of infection. Indications Infusion of vesicant solutions: vasopressors, concentrated potassium, cytotoxic drugs, parenteral nutrition. The need for several simultaneous, incompatible infusions. Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other…

…front , and this is why the margin must be included in the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis…

…obstruction of the bowel or the urinary tract. Marked bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome or high grade AV block without pacemaker protection. Asthma and other marked…

…hepatic function, a non pregnant adult of normal weight, and individual assessment. See the separate quick reference for dosing in impaired renal function. Respiratory tract…

…Condition Overall strategy Common first choices : : : Acute aortic syndrome Immediate rate control and rapid reduction of the systolic blood pressure towards 100 to 120 mmHg…

…activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the symptoms and the patient's…

…of raised intracranial pressure or impending herniation Moderately severe symptoms New confusion Severe headache Persistent nausea Moderately reduced consciousness Marked gait instability The specificity of…

…A markedly raised GGT with the other tests normal is most often enzyme induction by alcohol or drugs and is often of no clinical significance…

…pain or a rapid deterioration in general condition may be the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the febrile response…

…inflow The echocardiographic counterpart of pulsus paradoxus Contraindications In overt tamponade with shock there are no absolute contraindications other than the conditions in which the…

…of loading, eccentric exercise, an NSAID, an orthosis — has not given a sufficient effect. Contraindications Absolute: Cellulitis, a skin wound or other infection over the…

…anteriorly over the praecordium to the left of the sternum, the other on the back between the left scapula and the spine. The anterolateral position…

…The benefit of alkalinisation over fluids alone is disputed and practice differs between units. Poisoning with other weak acids where the poison control centre recommends…

…help determine expected normal values based on body surface area (BSA), aiding in the diagnosis of aortic root dilation. Key Formulas BSA Calculation (Mosteller formula): [ …

…Proietti M, Lane DA, Lip GYH. Evaluation of the HAS BLED, ATRIA, and ORBIT bleeding risk scores in atrial fibrillation patients on warfarin. Am J…

…GY. Evaluation of risk stratification schemes for ischaemic stroke and bleeding in 182,678 patients with atrial fibrillation: the Swedish Atrial Fibrillation cohort study. Eur…

…patients, regardless of the type of oral anticoagulant used. Studies have shown that it performs similarly or superiorly to other bleeding risk assessment tools, such…

…3 Interpretation of HEMORR₂HAGES score. Comparison with ATRIA and HAS BLED Scores Several studies have compared the predictive performance of HEMORR₂HAGES with other bleeding risk…

…bradykinin and other tachykinins, such as substance P. When ACE is inhibited, the resulting accumulation of these peptides irritates afferent neural pathways in the respiratory…

…the fourth universal definition of MI. Type 1 MI is generally related to an atherothrombotic event, whereas Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of…

…The clinical consequences are particularly important when pulmonary vascular obstruction is accompanied by limited cardiopulmonary reserve or other adverse comorbidity. The classification of acute PE…

…drinking in either sex. Other definitions of unhealthy drinking include at least two drinks daily in women or three in men, or at least four…

…and control the adhesion and migration of inflammatory cells. Dyslipidaemia, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other adverse influences disturb these functions. The resulting endothelial…

…increase the risk of stroke and other thromboembolic events. Subclinical cerebral injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the…

…widening pulse pressure are common in later life. These changes contribute to the complexity of defining an appropriate treatment target, particularly when a lower DBP…

…outcomes. The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections…

…adults with elevated blood pressure (BP), in whom absolute cardiovascular risk varies considerably according to age and the presence of concomitant risk factors. In contrast…

…The cardiovascular burden of CKD extends beyond CAD to peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or…

…colchicine requires attention to the balance between reduction in ischaemic events and possible infectious or other non cardiovascular adverse outcomes. Mechanisms of action Colchicine Colchicine…

…treatment. The presence of ST segment changes or a positive troponin assay identifies patients in whom an invasive strategy is generally preferred over selective angiography…