…is more effective than advice alone, although long term success rates remain modest and repeated intervention is often necessary. Patients with acute coronary syndrome should…

…postpartum. Known hypertension and current antihypertensive treatment. Missed doses or abrupt withdrawal of a beta blocker, clonidine or another sympatholytic drug. Cocaine, amfetamine, other sympathomimetics…

…wave. Because of the long duration of the plateau phase most contractile cells are in this phase at the same time (more or less). Moreover…

…if the initial rhythm is asystole or PEA. Most current protocols for ECMO exclude patients presenting with asystole or PEA. Duration of cardiac arrest : In…

…not reverse coronary atherosclerosis. Long term benefit therefore depends on the integration of revascularisation with guideline directed medical therapy and secondary prevention. Clinical Presentation and…

…develop strategies and tools for long term prevention of cardiac arrest. Unfortunately, these efforts have not borne fruit. Our current ability to predict cardiac arrest…

…no reliable model currently exists for the long term prediction of sudden cardiac arrest. The constraint does not lie in therapy: implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs…

…intervention while limiting major and clinically relevant bleeding. Long term antiplatelet therapy after STEMI is associated with approximately a 25% reduction in recurrent infarction, stroke…

…Long term prognosis is excellent, with the vast majority of patients recovering completely after restoration of sinus rhythm (or any other rhythm with normal ventricular…

…cardiomyopathy Takotsubo cardiomyopathy Tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy Non compaction cardiomyopathy Peripartum cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathy secondary to valvular heart disease Long term prognosis varies markedly across these conditions…

…bursa The effect is chiefly short term Lateral epicondylitis At the extensor origin Consider withholding it; the long term outcome is worse Medial epicondylitis At…

…complications than patients without AF; both short and long term prognosis are worse than in patients who remain in sinus rhythm. Several mechanisms may account…

…Both methods may be used in the acute setting, whereas long term management only includes pacemaker therapy. Treatment of AV block in the acute setting…

…Two dimensional echocardiogram. This view is called parasternal long axis view (PLAX). Structures that are closest to the transducer are placed at the top of…

…is intensified [1,2]. The evidence that any particular intravenous drug improves mortality or long term functional outcome is limited. A Cochrane review found insufficient…

…the type of revascularization; stent related risk; whether long term oral anticoagulation is required; tolerance of treatment during the initial months. Patients with HBR are…

…of mortality and long term disability compared to non cardioembolic ischemic strokes. Consequently, the cornerstone of AF management remains the meticulous application of anticoagulant therapies…

…in myocardial oxygen consumption associated with exercise. Chronic myocardial injury Long term heavy consumption can produce a cardiomyopathy, although the exact exposure threshold and duration…

…disruption. Fewer than 5% of thin capped fibroatheromas have been identified as the source of an acute myocardial infarction during long term follow up. Moreover…

…Cardiovascular Outcomes Associated With Dietary Patterns Cardiovascular disease and mortality The strongest long term evidence supports Mediterranean or DASH style patterns that emphasize minimally processed…

…absence of a major residual epicardial obstruction. No reflow is associated with serious short and long term outcomes. Its occurrence is associated with an approximately…

…Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachyarrhythmia Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachyarrhythmia Some textbooks use the term "node" instead of "nodal"…

…sufficient in patients whose atrial tachycardia is induced by the drug. Management of all other cases aligns with the approach used for atrial fibrillation and…

…the sinus rate, there are generally no reliable and safe drugs available for long term heart rate augmentation without undesirable side effects. Drugs, With Doses…

…long QT syndrome (LQTS) Metabolic disorders Hypokalemia Hypomagnesemia Hypocalcemia Starvation Anorexia nervosa Liquid protein diets Hypothyroidism Bradyarrhythmia Sinus bradycardia Sinus node dysfunction AV blocks Drugs…

…heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in developed countries. New ischemic events are major determinants of subsequent LV deterioration and long term survival. Viable…

…pericardiotomy syndrome. Acute transmural myocardial infarction. Rupture of the free ventricular wall. Neoplasms (particularly breast and lung cancer). Inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic…

…failure, lung disease (e.g COPD), fever, infections, anemia, myocardial ischemia/infarction, pulmonary embolism, pheochromocytoma, hyperthyroidism, hypovolemia, pharmacological substances (alcohol, amphetamine, coffee, anticholinergic drugs, beta…

Echocardiography Pericardial diseases: effusion and tamponade A long series of conditions can affect the pericardium (pericardium). The most common of these are acute pericarditis (perimyocarditis…

Kardiologi Lathundar Three questions determine the management: is the patient unstable, how long has the fibrillation lasted, and does the patient need an anticoagulant? The…

…how long to interrupt treatment before a procedure, and how to reverse in bleeding. Doses in atrial fibrillation Drug Standard dose Reduced dose and criterion…

…on the coronary arteries. The tumors can be asymptomatic for a long time and be detected randomly when investigating other conditions. More dramatic onset of…

…the symptoms began, whether they are continuous or episodic, how long an attack lasts, and whether anything actually triggers it [1,2]. The single most…

…newly discovered complete heart block without current symptoms, alternating bundle branch block in acute anterior infarction, and before drugs or procedures with a known risk…

…C remains above goal despite maximally tolerated therapy. It is a prodrug activated predominantly in the liver by very long chain acyl CoA synthetase 1…

…margin must be included in the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is…

…makes the sinus and AV nodes supersensitive to the drug, the initial dose should be reduced to 3 mg. Dipyridamole therapy: Dipyridamole is a nucleoside

…Rhythm control, on the other hand, attempts to restore sinus rhythm by use of antiarrhythmic drugs. Randomized controlled trials have not demonstrated any clear difference…

…occlusion, likely because most such occlusions result in prehospital cardiac arrest and death. As in other acute coronary events, the thrombotic process is dynamic, with…

…studies (Edwards et al), the left ventricle is divided into three equal parts along the long axis of the ventricle. This creates three circular sections…

…to measuring ventricular dimensions, trabeculae and papillary muscles are considered part of the left ventricular cavity. Other dimensions– including atrial dimensions, mitral annulus, aortic annulus…

…aorta can be regarded as a cylinder, and the same assumption can be made for the other valves. The area is calculated by measuring the…

…disease . Less common causes are arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/ARVD), Brugada syndrome , long QT syndrome , sarcoidosis , Prinzmetal's angina (coronary vasospasm), electrolyte disorders…

…pseudoaneurysm Surgeon, ultrasound first Other situations that argue for the operating theatre rather than the emergency room: a very large or deep abscess, a markedly…

…frequent cause of PCI failure, despite its substantially lower incidence with drug eluting stents (DES) than with bare metal stents (BMS). Clinical ISR is generally…

…hypercoagulability, prior brachytherapy Antiplatelet therapy Nonadherence or discontinuation of clopidogrel or DAPT, reduced clopidogrel bioavailability, hyporesponsiveness or resistance to aspirin or clopidogrel Anatomic Long lesions…

…cardiac arrest and the post resuscitation period, assessment of the PLR has long been considered for its prognostic implications. Clinicians often check pupil size and…

…potassium, cytotoxic drugs, parenteral nutrition. The need for several simultaneous, incompatible infusions. Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not…

…CNS and other Diagnosis Agent Dose Duration : : : : Bacterial meningitis, initial therapy (after corticosteroid) cefotaxime plus ampicillin 3 g × 4 IV plus 3 g × 4 IV…

…long standing persistent and permanent—and is not determined solely by the apparent frequency or duration of documented episodes. The central therapeutic objective is prevention…

…arrhythmias is greater in patients on digoxin or verapamil, although this is not an established drug interaction. The half life of adenosine is 8 seconds…

…pulsus paradoxus Contraindications In overt tamponade with shock there are no absolute contraindications other than the conditions in which the procedure is the wrong treatment …

…AF patients. Evidence suggests that the increased stroke risk in women is more closely associated with other comorbidities and age rather than sex alone. Consequently…

…flow velocity reserve (CFVR) Pulmonary congestion detected by B lines on lung ultrasound Myocardial perfusion when ultrasound contrast agents are used The technique is particularly…

…sound waves returning to the transducer are reflected back to the tissue. Reverberations are common when examining lung tissue; the double layered pleura produce reverberations…

Procedurer Oxygen is a drug and must be prescribed as one: with an indication, a route of administration and a target range for the saturation…

…also utilized for ventricular rate control in atrial fibrillation, particularly when other therapeutic options cannot be pursued. Patients receiving digoxin may present with symptoms of…

…of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic ST T changes. They may occur in both NSTEMI and STEMI…

…patient's usual saturation. Previous exacerbations and hospital admissions. Current inhaled treatment and adherence. Opioids, benzodiazepines and other sedating drugs. Thromboembolic risk, for example immobilisation…

…administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary Indications Ticagrelor, in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for…