…oral step down or gentamicin 4.5 mg/kg IV as a single dose Urosepsis with complicating factors cefotaxime 1 g × 3 IV 10–14…

…bacterial CNS infections states that CT must not be performed before lumbar puncture in suspected bacterial meningitis — not even with a reduced level of consciousness…

…foreign materials pose a high risk of infection. Approximately 20% of all endocarditis affect people with valve prostheses and among other cases 18% show significant…

…attributed to the pericardium: The pericardium serves as a barrier to infections. The pericardium reduces friction between the ventricles and surrounding structures of the mediastinum…

…outcomes. The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections…

…not developed for routine coronary prevention because of fatal infections and high cost. Low dose methotrexate did not reduce cardiovascular outcomes, and several other agents…

…and ischemia causes a state similar to SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) with risk of disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypotension, impaired vasoregulation, etc. With regard to…

…and medications : A wide range of diseases and medications may cause sinus tachycardia; e.g congestive heart failure, lung disease (e.g COPD), fever, infections…

…cause of pericarditis is infections, in particular viral infections. This explains why pericarditis may affect individuals of all ages. However, a wide range of local…

…of the heart. Sinus rhythm is the normal rhythm in all pediatric patients. Sinus rhythm is defined by the following criteria: Regular rhythm with a…

…cardiac tamponade. The classical signs of cardiac tamponade are hypotension, muffled heart sounds and jugular venous distention. Other frequent symptoms are pulsus paradoxus, pericardial friction…

…the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the febrile response. A neutropenic patient with a suspected infection and organ dysfunction…

…clean with a tracheostomy or copious secretions Subclavian vein Most comfortable for the patient, the most stable dressing, lowest risk of infection and thrombosis with…

…in particular that exceeds the patient's normal variation and requires a change of treatment. Common precipitants are viral infection, bacterial infection and air pollution…

…monthly or biweekly injections. Inclisiran is used as an adjunct to dietary measures and maximally tolerated statin therapy, with or without other LDL C lowering…

…bundle branch block in acute anterior infarction, and before drugs or procedures with a known risk of bradycardia. Transvenous pacing is chosen when the need…

…and cardiovascular rationale Smoking cessation is the complete discontinuation of tobacco smoking, with avoidance of second hand smoke and, where possible, other inhaled nicotine products…

…identify large vessel occlusion, dissection or other vascular pathology CT perfusion Used with an unclear time of onset, a late time window, or when thrombectomy…

…ankle brachial index with Doppler. 4. Culture only in the presence of clinical signs of infection — all chronic wounds are colonised, and a culture taken…

…with a relatively clear level of consciousness and preserved orientation 12 to 48 hours Withdrawal seizures, usually generalised tonic clonic and sometimes several within a…

…marrow — choose the other side). A patient who cannot lie still — plan for sedation rather than abandoning the procedure. Choice of site The posterior superior…

…AKI after a contrast study frequently occurs in patients with several simultaneous renal insults. Infection, hypovolaemia, cardiac dysfunction, haemodynamic instability, anaemia and other nephrotoxic exposures…

…of the face or perianally. Indications Fluctuant, tender, erythematous and indurated swelling in the skin or subcutis. Pilonidal abscess, hidradenitis abscess and paronychia with a…

…A short course (no more than 7 days) may be given to selected patients with an eGFR of 30 40 mL/min for lower urinary…

…dose without troublesome adverse effects, give a further 8 mg intravenously , slowly. Rapid injection increases the risk of nicotinic effects with paradoxically increasing weakness. 6…

…at twice as great a risk of all cause death and cardiovascular death, compared to patients without such disturbances, including those with RBBB and LBBB…

…patients with a very high clinical likelihood of obstructive CAD, defined in the source material as greater than 85%, particularly when one or more of…

…The risk of circulatory collapse is highest with AV block 2 Mobitz type 2 and AV block 3. The only treatment with a class I…

…recorded causes of cardiac arrest with a separate category for cardiac etiologies. Cause Definition Medical cause Includes cardiac arrest caused by heart disease, other medical…

…clinical site of action—the coronary artery perfusing the AV node—before the drug is eliminated. A flush should immediately follow the bolus injection to…

…as a result of myocardial infarction, the infarction may be classified as Q wave infarction (this has negligible clinical implication). Hence, Q wave infarctions are…

…or ECG changes consistent with myocardial infarction/ischemia. Most patients, however, display both ECG changes and symptoms. Troponins and other biomarkers of myocardial necrosis (infarction…

…atrial fibrillation with impulses conducted via an accessory pathway [see Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome]); blocking AV node conduction may result in accelerated transmission of atrial…

…used to identify thin cap fibroatheroma, a plaque phenotype associated with subsequent major adverse cardiovascular events in observational studies. OCT OCT uses near infrared light…

…presents a classification of acute coronary syndromes and myocardial infarctions. The reader should study this chart carefully. Figure 1. Flowchart showing the natural course of…

…poisoning with agents that undergo enterohepatic or enteroenteric recirculation, including carbamazepine, theophylline and quinine. Repeated dosing may also be appropriate after large ingestions of modified…

…modification of loading, eccentric exercise, an NSAID, an orthosis — has not given a sufficient effect. Contraindications Absolute: Cellulitis, a skin wound or other infection over…

…compared with 36% for pathological Q waves. However, the specificity was lower for fragmented QRS (89% vs 99%). The absence of fragmented QRS has a…

…at high risk of a new event. Treatment can be started without interruption as continuation treatment after the initial one year treatment with Ticagrelor 90…

…architecture HCM is predominantly associated with variants affecting sarcomeric proteins, particularly MYH7 and MYBPC3. Approximately 40–60% of tested patients have a single variant identified…

…40–75 years without diabetes and with LDL C between 70 and 189 mg/dL, 10 year risk of a first hard ASCVD event—fatal…

…parallel with increased oxygen consumption during exercise. Thus, supply and demand are balanced and no ischemia occurs. (Some individuals display a benign form of ischemia…

…still indicated with continuing ischaemia, shock, serious arrhythmia or acute heart failure. Routine opening of a persistently occluded infarct related artery in a stable and…

…canal is characterised by: A latency of 1–5 seconds before the nystagmus begins. Upbeating and rotatory (torsional) nystagmus with the fast phase beating towards

…administer to patients with a history of asthma, rhinitis, or urticaria triggered by: Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). Other non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Other contraindications:…

…and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet activation and…

…provides a broader estimate of atherogenic cholesterol than LDL C alone. It is particularly informative when triglyceride rich lipoproteins are increased, as commonly occurs with…

…aggregation. Because aspirin affects only one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The…

…with carotid stenosis have no focal neurological symptoms. Asymptomatic disease may be discovered during targeted duplex ultrasound (DUS), pre operative assessment, or evaluation of other…

…a minority of patients presenting with acute chest pain ultimately have ACS; reported rates are generally 5–10%, although some series report 10–20%. Other…

…cholesterol is a true cause of coronary artery disease. What is the evidence? The evidence is vast. Some examples follow. Consider people with the genetic…

…Definition and pathophysiological rationale Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) denotes treatment with aspirin plus a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS)…

…BP ≥180/110 mmHg with acute HMOD, although other guidance emphasizes that no single BP threshold is diagnostically sufficient: the presence of ongoing acute organ…

…location and complexity of coronary stenoses. Higher scores indicate more diffuse or technically complex disease and are associated with a greater relative advantage for CABG…

…the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and trauma. Atherosclerotic PAD is a manifestation of systemic…

…Note that with a paper speed of 25 mm/s, which is standard in the US and many other countries, a 2:1 block will…

…dilatation Biventricular hypertrophy Simultaneous hypertrophy of the left and right ventricle is rather common. The ECG has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy…

…Importance of repeated ECG recordings Acute coronary syndromes are dynamic processes. Factors that promote thrombosis ( pro thrombogenic factors ) are constantly in a struggle with factors…

…image shows a fast and distinct flow (almost 5 m/s) directed away from the transducer during systole (systole starts at the peak of the…

…tomographic images of the left ventricle. In PET (Positron Emission Tomography), radiotracers emit positrons. When a positron collides with an electron, they annihilate each other…