…for pathological R wave progression is considerably lower than pathological Q waves and guidelines do not state any ECG criteria specific to R wave progression…

…exacerbation is more than mild. 6. Assess the indication for antibiotics on the basis of sputum purulence, the other cardinal symptoms and the severity of…

…administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary Indications Ticagrelor, in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for…

…risk of transmitting the relevant variant to each child. However, other inheritance patterns, de novo variants, incomplete penetrance and variable phenotypic expression complicate risk prediction…

…in addition to LDL and other apoB containing particles. Cardiovascular risk categories Primary prevention For adults aged 40–75 years without diabetes and with LDL…

…oxygen supply is less than oxygen demand, ischemia develops. Myocardial cells can switch to anaerobic metabolism and discontinue contractions in order to alleviate the ischemia…

…delay and a symptom duration of less than 12 hours, immediate fibrinolysis is recommended in the absence of contraindications, followed by direct transfer to a…

…in three minutes, without drugs . The diagnosis rests on the history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment…

…administer to patients with a history of asthma, rhinitis, or urticaria triggered by: Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). Other non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Other contraindications…

…term interventions intended to reduce recurrent infarction, ischaemic stroke, cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular…

…low density lipoprotein (VLDL) Chylomicrons and other triglyceride rich particles Thus, non HDL C provides a broader estimate of atherogenic cholesterol than LDL C alone…

…compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic…

…PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke…

…syndrome rather than a narrowly defined symptom. It includes pain, pressure, tightness, heaviness, burning, or discomfort in the chest and may extend to the arms…

…to 30 years of age. People with familial hypercholesterolemia have no other metabolic aberration, besides high LDL cholesterol. Treating these individuals with LDL lowering drugs…

…acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI…

…sufficient Severe elevation Acute HMOD Present Absent clinically Symptoms Often present and related to the affected organ May be absent or nonspecific Treatment setting Usually…

…burden and treatment goals Diabetes, left ventricular function and other comorbidities Surgical risk and contraindications to prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy Patient preferences, local expertise and…

…also provides an opportunity to recognise atherosclerosis in other arterial territories and to initiate secondary prevention. Clinical assessment should include functional status and walking capacity…

…hand smoke and, where possible, other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not merely to reduce cigarette consumption but to achieve complete…

…which is standard in the US and many other countries, a 2:1 block will be difficult to discern because the flutter wave may fuse…

…ECG has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy. This is because the strong and oppositely directed forces tend to cancel each other out…

…other symptoms that may be caused by myocardial ischemia. Other symptoms include dyspnea, pain radiating to the left arm/shoulder/throat, palpitations, back pain and…

…velocitites to be measured. Continuous wave Doppler is therefore not limited by pulse repetition frequency (PRF). Figure 1. The principles of continuous wave Doppler and…

…administration. Radiotracers with higher levels of redistribution can move from areas of higher concentration to regions with lower concentration, for reasons other than perfusion differences…

…on the other hand, are much less likely to be caused by ischemia ( Figure 1 B ). This is noted in both North American and European…

…typically faster than the ventricular rate. It may be very difficult to establish a diagnosis of third degree AV block if the atrial and ventricular…

…index 15–19 kg/m² 17–22 kg/m² Ideal and dosing weight Drug dosing often requires a weight other than the actual body weight…

…as in the table above for rivaroxaban and edoxaban. Check every 6 months 15 30 Dabigatran contraindicated. The other DOACs are possible according to FASS…

…side (yields fibrotic, unrepresentative marrow — choose the other side). A patient who cannot lie still — plan for sedation rather than abandoning the procedure. Choice of…

…to make sure the catheter does not become the patient's next focus of infection. Indications Infusion of vesicant solutions: vasopressors, concentrated potassium, cytotoxic drugs…

…on an irregular surface. Petroleum jelly around the lesion to protect the surrounding skin. Eye protection and gloves for the operator. Explain before treatment that…

Procedurer Edrophonium is a very short acting cholinesterase inhibitor: the effect appears within less than a minute and has gone after 5–10 minutes. That…

…then 100 mg × 1 5–7 days Epiglottitis and other severe upper airway infection cefotaxime 1–2 g × 3 IV Depends on the diagnosis Always…

…organ damage should not normally be lowered rapidly with intravenous drugs. Such treatment has not been shown to improve the prognosis and can cause hypotension…

…or with continued glucose administration adapted to the cause. 8. Identify drugs, renal failure, alcohol, a missed meal, physical activity and any other precipitating factor…

…s exchangeable sodium and potassium and the total body water. In hypotonic hyponatraemia the amount of water is too great in relation to the amount…

…suspicion to bone, pregnancy or malignancy. A markedly raised GGT with the other tests normal is most often enzyme induction by alcohol or drugs and…

…glucose and lactate. Add a blood gas, coagulation tests and other investigations according to the clinical picture 5 Take cultures or molecular tests from the…

…absolute contraindications other than the conditions in which the procedure is the wrong treatment : Aortic dissection with haemopericardium — drainage can increase the bleeding and worsen…

…be shorter than four weeks . Mix the corticosteroid and the lidocaine in the same syringe. The anaesthetic confirms that the injection has gone to the…

…and before drugs or procedures with a known risk of bradycardia. Transvenous pacing is chosen when the need is more than brief: continuing pacing dependence…

…urine to alkalinise, and the sodium and volume load becomes pure harm. Dialysis is then the way forward. Heart failure, pulmonary oedema and other conditions…

[calc_aorta] Sinus of Valsalva (SOV) and Aortic Root Assessment The sinus of Valsalva diameter (SOVd) is a critical measurement in evaluating aortic root morphology…

…score. Comparison with other bleeding risk models Several bleeding risk assessment tools exist for patients with AF, including HAS BLED, HEMORR2HAGES, and ORBIT scores. Each…

…is more closely associated with other comorbidities and age rather than sex alone. Consequently, the CHA₂DS₂ VA score was developed to provide a more accurate…

…superiorly to other bleeding risk assessment tools, such as HEMORR2HAGES, ATRIA, ORBIT, and GARFIELD AF scores. Moreover, the HAS BLED score has been found to…

…for major bleeding compared to HAS BLED. The C indices were 0.60 for HAS BLED, 0.55 for HEMORR₂HAGES, and 0.50 for ATRIA…

…is more common in women than in men and can last for years. ACE Inhibitor Induced Angioedema Angioedema secondary to ACE inhibitor therapy occurs in…

…MI. Type 1 MI is generally related to an atherothrombotic event, whereas Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia and necrosis. Unstable…

…Respiratory rate and oxygenation Evidence of systemic congestion or acute RV failure Syncope or altered clinical status Comorbid cardiopulmonary disease, active cancer, and other conditions…

…Progressive dilation can subsequently impair left ventricular ejection fraction. Enlargement of the left ventricle predisposes to atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. In advanced alcohol related cardiomyopathy…

…risk plaques may coexist within one coronary tree, and inflammatory activity may be widespread rather than confined to a single lesion. Plaque composition is heterogeneous…

…contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the brain. Patients with AF in the setting of ACS have more comorbidities and…

…and Functional Status Treatment decisions should not be based on age alone. Assessment should include: Degree of frailty, preferably using validated clinical tests Ability to…

…disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections. However, in some individuals the infection may be severe and deadly. Importantly…

…adults with elevated blood pressure (BP), in whom absolute cardiovascular risk varies considerably according to age and the presence of concomitant risk factors. In contrast…

…burden of CKD extends beyond CAD to peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities…

…and impair neutrophil chemotaxis toward inflammatory sites. Its cardiovascular effects therefore appear to reflect modulation of vascular inflammation rather than lipid lowering. Other anti inflammatory…

…clinical setting, haemodynamic status, coronary anatomy, comorbidities, procedural complexity, age, frailty, and anticipated adherence to antithrombotic therapy. Anatomical and functional completeness are not synonymous. Anatomically…