…accident 0.07 Arrhythmias 0.38 Vascular complications 0.43 Contrast agent reaction 0.37 Haemodynamic complications 0.26 Cardiac chamber perforation 0.03 Other…

…macrophages, neurons and other tissues. This distribution helps explain why PA produces cardiovascular injury beyond its effects on blood pressure and potassium balance. The principal…

…High altitude sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The natural course of asphyxia Should…

…foreign body, hanging or strangulation. Drug overdose Intentional or accidental overdose of medications, drugs or other substances (including alcohol) causing cardiac arrest. Table 1. Classification…

…waves (in absence of bradycardia) may indicate ischemia. If U waves were present on previous recording, the amplitude must be increased in order to suggest…

…Opioids, benzodiazepines and other sedating drugs. Thromboembolic risk, for example immobilisation, cancer and previous venous thromboembolism. A documented decision on the ceiling of care. Signs…

…on healthy donor platelets in the test. Information about concurrent ticagrelor treatment is required for interpreting platelet function tests for HIT. Other cosiderations Based on…

…Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease…

…C) is the principal therapeutic target in lipid management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins play a causal role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based on symptoms, the ECG…

…cured on the spot, in three minutes, without drugs . The diagnosis rests on the history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other…

…Interactions Pharmacodynamic interactions Anticoagulants, thrombolytics, or other platelet aggregation inhibitors: Salicylates inhibit platelet function and enhance the effect of anticoagulants, increasing bleeding risk. Monitor coagulation…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…containing lipoproteins, including: LDL Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) Chylomicrons and other triglyceride rich particles Thus, non…

…only one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and…

…peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack…

…faintness, and other symptoms may occur without chest pain and should be considered anginal equivalents. The emergency evaluation of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured…

Cardiology Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog Coronary artery disease: On LDL cholesterol, dietary fat & statins You are probably aware that ischemic heart disease, also…

…syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or medical…

…acute HMOD, although other guidance emphasizes that no single BP threshold is diagnostically sufficient: the presence of ongoing acute organ injury is decisive. The pathophysiology…

…Expected effects on death, myocardial infarction and stroke Likelihood of repeat revascularization Symptom burden and treatment goals Diabetes, left ventricular function and other comorbidities Surgical…

…or arteries supplying the limbs. In adults over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia…

…with avoidance of second hand smoke and, where possible, other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not merely to reduce cigarette consumption…

…most cardiac conditions may be associated with atrial flutter. As compared with several other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial flutter does not occur among otherwise healthy individuals…

…cancel each other out. However, the ECG may show features characteristic of biventricular hypertrophy. Biventricular hypertrophy ECG In case the ECG or other examinations suggest…

…be performed on all patients seeking medical attention due to chest discomfort or other symptoms that may be caused by myocardial ischemia. Other symptoms include…

…two different sets of piezoelectric crystals; one set for sending ultrasound and the other for analyzing reflected sound waves. The cardinal difference between continuous wave…

…radiotracers emit positrons. When a positron collides with an electron, they annihilate each other, producing two gamma photons emitted in opposite directions. PET scanners detect…

…1 A ). Concave ST segment elevations, on the other hand, are much less likely to be caused by ischemia ( Figure 1 B ). This is noted…

…atrial impulses are conducted to the ventricles. The atria and the ventricles are electrically dissociated from each other. This condition is referred to as atrioventricular…

…25 % Fat free mass index 15–19 kg/m² 17–22 kg/m² Ideal and dosing weight Drug dosing often requires a weight other than…

Farmakologi & dosering Kardiologi Lathundar Three questions come up again and again on call: which dose, how long to interrupt treatment before a procedure, and how…

…skin overlying the puncture site. Previous pelvic irradiation on the intended side (yields fibrotic, unrepresentative marrow — choose the other side). A patient who cannot lie…

…subclavian and jugular routes on the healthy side, since a pneumothorax there would be poorly tolerated. A patient who cannot lie flat or cannot cooperate…

…technique with a cryoprobe gives a deeper and more controlled freeze on flat surfaces; spray technique is better on irregular surfaces and in the scalp…

…sick sinus syndrome or high grade AV block without pacemaker protection. Asthma and other marked obstructive airways disease — relative; the risk of bronchospasm is real…

…on day 1, then 100 mg × 1 5–7 days Epiglottitis and other severe upper airway infection cefotaxime 1–2 g × 3 IV Depends on…

…organ damage. Isolated malignant retinopathy without other acute organ damage can often be treated more cautiously with oral drugs under careful observation [3,4]. A…

…alcohol, a missed meal, physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the…

…1. Assess airway, breathing and circulation. 2. Assess the neurological symptoms and at the same time exclude other acute causes, for example hypoglycaemia, poisoning, stroke…

…Drug induced liver injury is the commonest cause Isolated bilirubin Unconjugated, the others normal Gilbert's syndrome, haemolysis The R value = (ALT / upper limit…

…antibiotics within 60 minutes of triage or arrival. This is supported by international guidelines on neutropenic fever [2]. The direct evidence for exactly one hour…

Procedurer Pericardiocentesis is performed on the basis of the haemodynamics, not the volume of fluid. A litre that has accumulated slowly can be asymptomatic, while…

…A1 pulley A good effect, often curative Plantar fasciitis The origin of the fascia on the calcaneus A risk of rupture; use sparingly Prepatellar and…

…praecordium to the left of the sternum, the other on the back between the left scapula and the spine. The anterolateral position also works and…

…is disputed and practice differs between units. Poisoning with other weak acids where the poison control centre recommends it, for example certain phenoxy acid herbicides…

…measurement in evaluating aortic root morphology. Age stratified formulas help determine expected normal values based on body surface area (BSA), aiding in the diagnosis of…

…Components of the ATRIA Score The ATRIA score assigns points based on five clinical factors: Anemia: Hemoglobin <13 g/dL in men or <12 g…

…By excluding the sex parameter, the CHA₂DS₂ VA score addresses concerns about overestimating stroke risk in women based solely on gender. This aims to prevent…

…of the type of oral anticoagulant used. Studies have shown that it performs similarly or superiorly to other bleeding risk assessment tools, such as HEMORR2HAGES…

…HEMORR₂HAGES bleeding risk score is a clinical tool developed to assess the risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) on anticoagulation therapy…

…the sensitization of sensory nerve endings due to the accumulation of bradykinin. ACE is responsible for metabolizing bradykinin and other tachykinins, such as substance P…

…is generally related to an atherothrombotic event, whereas Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia and necrosis. Unstable angina (UA) represents myocardial…

…and death. The clinical consequences are particularly important when pulmonary vascular obstruction is accompanied by limited cardiopulmonary reserve or other adverse comorbidity. The classification of…

…duration , sex , and genetically influenced effects on the cardiovascular system. Acute exposure produces transient haemodynamic and myocardial effects, whereas sustained heavy consumption is associated with…

…Dyslipidaemia, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other adverse influences disturb these functions. The resulting endothelial dysfunction promotes inappropriate vasoconstriction, adhesion of circulating cells, inflammatory…

…the risk of stroke and other thromboembolic events. Subclinical cerebral injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the brain…

…or worsen with illness, treatment, or other interventions. Frailty commonly overlaps with multimorbidity and is frequent in patients with cardiovascular disease, including heart failure and…

…The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections. However…