…CAC nevertheless serves as a marker of the broader atherosclerotic process, including non calcified plaques that are not directly visualized by calcium scoring. In contrast…

…culminating in a partially or fully occlusive intraluminal thrombus [5] . ACS Classification The clinical spectrum of Acute Coronary Syndromes encompasses Unstable Angina (UA), Non ST…

…occlusions; a partial occlusion results in a reduction of coronary blood flow and this causes subendocardial ischemia (i.e ischemia that only affects the subendocardium)…

…IPAP 12–15 and EPAP 4–5 cmH₂O Increase the IPAP in steps of 2–3 cmH₂O every 5–10 min towards 20–25 cmH₂O…

…Non HDL C estimates cholesterol within all apoB containing particles. ApoB estimates the number of atherogenic particles. For most individuals in whom these measurements are…

…precisely, FFR compares the pressure driving flow distal to a stenosis with the pressure that would be available in the absence of that stenosis. The…

…biochemical evidence of myocardial injury with corroborating evidence of infarction caused by ischaemia, and no obstructive stenosis in a major epicardial coronary artery. Non obstructive…

…because the clinical value of any diagnostic test depends not only on its sensitivity and specificity but also on disease prevalence in the population being…

…even in the absence of classic ST elevation. Multiple studies have demonstrated the superior sensitivity of OMI criteria—including subtle and nontraditional ECG patterns such…

…Definition and pharmacological basis Ezetimibe is a non statin lipid lowering agent that inhibits the Niemann–Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter in the intestine…

…with non obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA) denotes the subgroup in whom objective myocardial ischaemia is demonstrated. ANOCA may occur in up to 70% of patients…

…markers of very high risk. They require immediate escalation because the priority is to identify and treat an obstructive coronary lesion without avoidable delay. In…

…in ultrasound imaging: The ultrasound image displays non existing structures. The ultrasound image does not display existing structures. The ultrasound image misrepresents the echogenicity of…

…typically within a range of 50 120 mmHg. This process is primarily mediated by local metabolic mechanisms, which adjust vascular tone in response to myocardial…

…®, Rogitine ® Indications Hypertensive crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity…

…ICA) for excluding non ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS) in patients with a low to intermediate likelihood of CAD when cardiac troponin…

…ASCVD risk. Management in this range therefore focuses principally on ASCVD prevention and reduction of LDL C, non HDL C and apolipoprotein B. Causes and…

…the possible causes, apply several non pharmacological measures at the same time, and use drugs only in severe agitation or marked distress. Delirium is an…

…hepatic function, a non pregnant adult of normal weight, and individual assessment. See the separate quick reference for dosing in impaired renal function. Respiratory tract…

…Prophylaxis against recurrence of cerebrovascular disease: 75–80 mg tablet once daily. Warnings and precautions Use Aspirin with caution in the following cases: Concurrent anticoagulant…

…is indicated for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in adult patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including: Unstable angina (UA) Non ST elevation myocardial infarction…

…is indicated in adults for chemical conversion of recent onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is used in the following settings: Non surgery patients…

…is used in adults aged ≥70 years. SCORE2 OP accounts for the competing risk of death from non cardiovascular causes, an important consideration in older…

…elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non ST elevation ACS (NSTE ACS), or ACS complicated by cardiogenic shock. In NSTE ACS, a strategy involving coronary angiography and…

…methods may also contribute. The cardioprotective effect is therefore likely to result from the cumulative influence of multiple modest dietary changes. Mediterranean type diets provide…

…elevations in cardiac troponin concentrations. Based on the presenting electrocardiogram (ECG) and the presence of troponin elevation, ACS are classified into unstable angina (UA), non…

…dissection. Coronary embolism of cardiac or non cardiac origin. Oxygen supply–demand mismatch, including demand related events in the presence of fixed coronary disease. More…

…i.e the degree of artery obstruction): The greater the obstruction the more extensive the ischemia/infarction. The location of the thrombus in the artery:…

…isolates microvascular resistance. Only indices that detect microvascular disease as an independent cause of ischemia, including with non obstructive epicardial arteries (ANOCA/INOCA); CFR has…

…heart failure. Routine opening of a persistently occluded infarct related artery in a stable and asymptomatic patient is by contrast not recommended [1,5]. STEMI…

…2]. In a meta analysis of three phase 3 trials, tenecteplase was non inferior to alteplase with respect to an excellent functional outcome, without an…

…Evaluation of antiarrhythmic treatment or pacemaker function. Suspected bradyarrhythmia or pauses, particularly at night. Symptom–rhythm correlation in non specific complaints. The choice of recording…

…urticaria, localised angio oedema or itching without compromise of the airway, breathing or circulation is usually an allergic reaction but not in itself anaphylaxis. The…

…rest pain in the foot or leg, or a non healing distal ulcer. Before compression treatment of a leg ulcer — compression in arterial insufficiency can…

…Patients in whom non invasive measurement is unreliable: marked obesity, pronounced vasoconstriction, arrhythmia, intra aortic balloon pump. Assessment of stroke volume variation as part of…

…with the same risk as manifest hypertension. Non dipping: a nocturnal fall in pressure of < 10% of the daytime value; an independent risk marker…

…and platelets: in ongoing bleeding with coagulopathy, or as part of balanced transfusion in massive haemorrhage. Transfusion thresholds in the stable, non bleeding patient Patient…

…despite maximal oxygen or non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with impending…

…The laryngeal mask is a compromise and does not protect the airway completely. Relative contraindications: A high risk of aspiration: a non fasted patient, ileus…

…infection. Suspected inflammatory disease: multiple sclerosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, autoimmune encephalitis. Meningeal carcinomatosis and CNS involvement in haematological malignancy. Investigation of dementia with biomarkers (amyloid…

…access, or rapid central access, but do not delay transfusion or control of the bleeding in order to obtain a central venous catheter. 4. Take…

…when the principle of titration is abandoned — when a fixed dose is given without assessment, when a modified release preparation is started in an opioid…

…return of spontaneous circulation , whether the arrest occurred in or out of hospital and whatever the initial rhythm. It applies to both shockable and non…

…Intubation is reasonable in: a reduced level of consciousness with inadequate protective reflexes active major haematemesis severe agitation respiratory failure an anticipated difficult or prolonged…

…of life threatening arrhythmic events. The cornerstone of LQTS management involves lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, and, in high risk cases, device implantation. Beta blockers, particularly non…

…of life threatening arrhythmic events. The cornerstone of LQTS management involves lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, and, in high risk cases, device implantation. Beta blockers, particularly non…

…affect the function of cardiac ion channels. These agents are classified according to the Singh–Vaughan Williams classification (Table 1). Agents in bold text are…

…progression in chronic conditions. Post Intervention Monitoring : Assess residual shunts after device closure or surgery. Differentiating Pathologies : Helps differentiate cardiac vs. non cardiac causes of…

…tool designed to assess stroke risk in patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). It is a modification of the widely used CHA₂DS₂ VASc score…

…Its widespread adoption has led to standardized reporting of eGFR in clinical laboratories, enhancing consistency in patient care. Non Invasiveness: The calculation relies on readily…

…treatment of infarcting myocardium early II trial substudy. Circulation. 2000 Oct 24;102(17):2031 7. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non ST…

…treatment of infarcting myocardium early II trial substudy. Circulation. 2000 Oct 24;102(17):2031 7. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non ST…

…when multiple modifiable and non modifiable risk factors converge. The electrophysiological mechanism underlying TdP involves prolonged ventricular repolarisation, which allows for the recovery of time…

…the clinical importance of non fatal gastrointestinal and intracranial haemorrhage is substantial, particularly because the absolute cardiovascular benefit is small in many primary prevention populations…

…coenzyme A reductase in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Inhibition of ACL reduces hepatic cholesterol synthesis and produces reductions in LDL C, non high density lipoprotein…

…6% of patients discharged with presumed non ischaemic chest pain were subsequently found to have had an infarction. Pathophysiological Considerations The central pathophysiological concern in…

…clinically silent. The underlying coronary disease may be obstructive or non obstructive. Atherosclerotic plaque accumulation in the epicardial arteries is a major pathological substrate, but…

…denotes treatment with aspirin plus a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction…

…particularly in females, the elderly, or patients with diabetes [4]. Associated Findings: The sudden onset of symptoms coupled with diaphoresis should always raise concern for…

…non cardiac surgery, those with high bleeding risk, or those considered unlikely to adhere to medication. However, contemporary data support the use of DES in…