…raised outside it — associated with the same risk as manifest hypertension. Non dipping: a nocturnal fall in pressure of < 10% of the daytime value…

…different treatments with different physiology, and the commonest source of error is confusing them. CPAP delivers a constant pressure that recruits alveoli and unloads the…

…further increases blood pressure. Non traditional cardiovascular mechanisms include: Uraemia associated inflammation Oxidative stress Vascular dysfunction Promotion of vascular calcification Albuminuria and proteinuria Neurohormonal activation…

…reduced partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. Asphyxia is characterized by insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia. Etiologies of hypoxic cardiac arrest : Trauma and injuries…

…or chronic. Bradycardia (second line option). 10.0–20.0 μg/kg/min ++++ ++++ ++ +++++ High dose dopamine additionally induces α1 stimulation and thereby vasoconstriction with…

…most common risk factor for PH. It produces postcapillary PH through elevation of left atrial and pulmonary venous pressure. In some patients, chronic postcapillary pr

…competing risk of death from non cardiovascular causes, an important consideration in older populations. Risk prediction is particularly relevant in adults with elevated blood pressure …

CPR Tamponade and cardiac arrest Cardiac arrest associated with tamponade has an exceptionally poor prognosis. In the vast majority of these cases, the tamponade develops…

…10 mL with sodium chloride) before intravenous titration. Half of all opioid dosing errors arise at the dilution step, and an undiluted syringe of 10…

…with previous myocardial infarction and residual inflammation, defined by hsCRP ≥2 mg/L, it produced a modest reduction in a composite of cardiovascular death, non…

…a greater burden of cardiovascular and non cardiovascular comorbidity than patients with reduced EF. Pathophysiology Abnormal ventricular relaxation and increased filling pressures The central hemodynamic…

…evidence of ischaemia represents acute myocardial injury rather than MI. Persistent elevation without a significant dynamic change is consistent with chronic myocardial injury. Non ischaemic…

…large epidemiological analysis, mechanical complications occurred in approximately 0.27% of STEMI cases and 0.06% of non ST elevation myocardial infarction cases. Despite their…

…and asymptomatic finding. The absence of symptoms indicates that the bradycardia is compensated by an increase in stroke volume. Symptomatic bradycardia may present with chronic…

…to clopidogrel; reducing the dose of prasugrel; extending DAPT beyond 12 months in carefully selected patients with high ischemic risk and low bleeding risk. These…

…may present with symptoms of digitalis toxicity, which manifests across multiple organ systems. Non cardiac symptoms include headache, nausea, vomiting, generalized malaise, and visual disturbances…

…from non invasive testing and the anticipated effect of the result on management. ICA with available coronary pressure assessment is recommended in patients with a…

…characteristic clinical phenotype of breathlessness, fatigue and oedema. This definition does not depend on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction…

…the combined influence of epicardial stenosis, resting flow and microvascular vasodilator capacity. The two measures may therefore be discordant. A reduced FFR with preserved CFR…

…Use the arm with the higher pressure, or the non dominant arm if the values are equal. Check against a manual measurement and document the…

…risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke, and mortality. Stability : MAP readings tend to be more accurate than systolic blood pressure when using non invasive…

…of 140/90 mmHg derives from epidemiological observations associating pressures above this level with increased mortality. Contemporary management, however, incorporates overall cardiovascular risk, comorbidity and…

…Coarctation of the aorta and renovascular disease are important non endocrine causes, particularly in patients with resistant hypertension. Dietary sodium and potassium abnormalities and commonly…

…Indications Hypertensive crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity. Effects Primarily causes…

…In patients with HFpEF, acute hypertension is a frequent trigger of decompensation and may produce abrupt pulmonary oedema, sometimes requiring non invasive ventilation or intubation…

…encounters improves detection of risk factors such as elevated blood pressure and lipid abnormalities. CAC should therefore be integrated with clinical assessment and established risk…

…artery stenosis. Stress can be induced pharmacologically with coronary vasodilatory agents or simulated hemodynamically through exercise or the use of chronotropic and inotropic agents. Radiotracers…

…distal pressure × hyperemic mean transit time — isolates microvascular resistance. Only indices that detect microvascular disease as an independent cause of ischemia, including with non obstructive…

…version 4 of 27 February 2024. The local stroke protocol and immediate contact with the on call stroke consultant or the thrombectomy centre take precedence…

…fracture, major surgery and intensive care [1,2]. The condition is associated with falls, aspiration, pressure sores, loss of function, longer length of stay, institutional…

…before producing haemodynamic compromise. As intrapericardial pressure rises, the right atrium and right ventricle are compressed, with elevation of their diastolic pressures. Right sided filling…

…of presentations in some populations. Despite this relatively low prevalence, missed myocardial infarction remains consequential, and historically 2–6% of patients discharged with presumed non…

…involved greater consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes, bread and an alpha linolenic acid rich margarine, with lower consumption of meat, processed meat, butter and cream…

…diagnosis, as the syndrome associated with ischemic heart disease is broader than chest pain itself, encompassing symptoms like tightness, pressure, and discomfort in the chest…

…inflammation and oxidative stress. Metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease affects approximately 10% of non obese individuals and up to 65% of patients with metabolic…

…The lifetime burden of CVD is related to the number and severity of cardiovascular risk factors. Five modifiable factors—systolic blood pressure, non HDL cholesterol…

…of myocardial infarction and stroke. Indications Intermittent claudication, rest pain in the foot or leg, or a non healing distal ulcer. Before compression treatment of…

…chance of success by counteracting vascular spasm. Pressure monitoring set: stiff, short tubing, a transducer, and a flush system with physiological saline in a pressure…

…of dementia with biomarkers (amyloid, tau, phospho tau). Measurement of the opening pressure in suspected idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Therapeutic drainage in idiopathic intracranial hypertension and…

…doses of more than 5 mg/kg should not be given within 24 hours. If conversion to sinus rhythm is not successful, blood pressure and…

…unexplained drop in arterial pressure. Silent or unrecognized infarction occurs more often in patients without antecedent angina and in those with diabetes and hypertension. Of

…reveal pneumothorax (highlighted by a lack of lung tissue) and its impact on cardiac function. Clinically, patients may present with: Absent breath sounds on the…

…Upon recognition of a cardiac arrest in a pregnant individual, either within or outside the hospital, prompt communication with an obstetrician and neonatologist is critical…

…related to the development of hypertension. Developing and non Western countries rarely display the blood pressure trajectories and high prevalence of hypertension that is ubiquitous…

…substantially from normal circumstances. The purpose of CPR is to create large variations in intrathoracic pressure by compressing, decompressing and ventilating. These maneuvers result in…

…dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation. Repeated blood sampling during intensive care. Exhausted…

…maximal oxygen or non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with impending exhaustion…

…choice in emergencies, since they allow the stomach to be decompressed and tolerate higher pressures. Lubricant on the dorsal surface of the mask, a syringe…

…products and contact with the blood bank. 3. Secure large bore access, or rapid central access, but do not delay transfusion or control of the…

…Give small boluses, for example 250 to 500 mL, with immediate reassessment of the blood pressure, pulse, peripheral perfusion, mental state and chest findings. Avoid

…syndromes (NSTE ACS). The division into STE ACS and NSTE ACS has profound implications for management and treatment of patients with acute coronary syndromes. Moreover…

…Elevated lactate is an indicator of tissue hypoperfusion and can guide resuscitative efforts. If the patient presents with hypotension or has a lactate level exceeding…

…The purpose of the exercise stress test is to induce cardiovascular stress in order to provoke symptoms, ECG changes, blood pressure response, and heart rate…

…possibly ventilation and automatic external defibrillator (AED). Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) : Return of mechanical cardiac function resulting in circulation with pulse. Coronary perfusion pressure …

…even pressure until the resistance gives way — the dermis has then been passed and you are in the subcutis. 5. Lift the specimen gently with…

…blood pressure measurement; cardiac auscultation; inspection of the legs and feet. A systolic blood pressure difference between the arms exceeding 15 mmHg is associated with…

…Functional assessment with pressure or flow measurements, intravascular imaging, or fractional flow reserve derived from computed tomography can refine interpretation. Coronary plaque and future events…

…of dynamic LV function, valve disease, pulmonary pressure, or haemodynamics Stress imaging is not recommended in patients undergoing urgent non cardiac surgery or those with…

…Prognosis in aortic stenosis according to type of stenosis. The patients with low flow (stroke volume index <35 ml/m²) and low gradient (<40 mmHg)…

…pressure (manifests with sinus bradycardia and hypertension). Hypothyroidism . Hypothermia . Hyperkalemia . ECG example of sinus bradycardia Figure 1 shows sinus bradycardia at a paper speed of…