…with the same risk as manifest hypertension. Non dipping: a nocturnal fall in pressure of < 10% of the daytime value; an independent risk marker…

…SpO₂ 92–96% The pressure support is the difference between IPAP and EPAP, and it is this that does the work of ventilation — raising IPAP…

…renal function further increases blood pressure. Non traditional cardiovascular mechanisms include: Uraemia associated inflammation Oxidative stress Vascular dysfunction Promotion of vascular calcification Albuminuria and proteinuria…

…altitude sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The natural course of asphyxia Should ventilation…

Kardiologi Intensivvård Lathundar Vasopressors induce vasoconstriction and raise the mean arterial pressure (MAP). Inotropes increase myocardial contractility. There are several synthetic and endogenous agents with…

…most common risk factor for PH. It produces postcapillary PH through elevation of left atrial and pulmonary venous pressure. In some patients, chronic postcapillary pr

…competing risk of death from non cardiovascular causes, an important consideration in older populations. Risk prediction is particularly relevant in adults with elevated blood pressure …

…chronic pericardial effusions to cause sudden cardiac arrest since these cases tend to be recognized and managed before circulatory collapse occurs. The leading causes of…

…for pain). An opioid is rarely the right choice in nociplastic or neuropathic pain, in chronic non cancer pain, or in headache. A failure to…

…with stable or chronic atherosclerotic coronary disease, many of whom have a previous acute coronary syndrome. The available evidence supports consideration of low dose colchicine…

…a greater burden of cardiovascular and non cardiovascular comorbidity than patients with reduced EF. Pathophysiology Abnormal ventricular relaxation and increased filling pressures The central hemodynamic…

…evidence of ischaemia represents acute myocardial injury rather than MI. Persistent elevation without a significant dynamic change is consistent with chronic myocardial injury. Non ischaemic…

…tamponade, and sudden: Loss of pulse. Loss of blood pressure. Loss of consciousness. Electromechanical dissociation or pulseless electrical activity despite ongoing sinus rhythm on the…

…Cardiac output and blood pressure, rather than ECG, are the strongest predictors of adverse outcomes. Non acute or asymptomatic bradycardia Non acute bradycardia is a…

…denotes treatment with aspirin plus a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction…

…chronic lung disease, hypothyroidism, and amyloidosis. Furthermore, ongoing ischemia, hypomagnesemia, and moderate to severe renal impairment increase the likelihood of digitalis intoxication even at therapeutic…

…Indications Suspected Chronic Coronary Syndrome The decision to perform ICA is based on the clinical likelihood of obstructive CAD, symptoms, findings from non invasive testing…

…to fluid retention and worsening congestion The clinical course may be chronic and relatively stable or punctuated by episodes of worsening heart failure requiring hospitalization…

…the functional significance of an epicardial coronary stenosis. It is defined during maximal pharmacological coronary vasodilation as the ratio of mean pressure distal to the…

…Comment : : : Dipper 10–20 % Normal Non dipper < 10 % Independent risk marker Reverse dipper ≤ 0 %, night time pressure higher than daytime The highest risk in…

…risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke, and mortality. Stability : MAP readings tend to be more accurate than systolic blood pressure when using non invasive…

…Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM): automated measurement, usually over 24 hours, at predefined intervals. Inter arm difference: a sequential systolic difference of 10 mmHg between…

…permitted when assessing dietary electrolyte intake, because it can increase blood pressure and may affect interpretation of the clinical picture. A 24 hour urine collection…

…Indications Hypertensive crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity. Effects Primarily causes…

…with HFpEF, acute hypertension is a frequent trigger of decompensation and may produce abrupt pulmonary oedema, sometimes requiring non invasive ventilation or intubation. Aortic disease…

…practical characteristics: Non contrast CT acquisition ECG gating A single breath hold No intravenous line No premedication No special preparation Radiation exposure of approximately 1…

…rate response, blood pressure changes, ECG changes, arrhythmias, and exercise (functional) capacity. Functional capacity is a strong predictor of both cardiovascular and overall mortality, offering…

…distal pressure × hyperemic mean transit time — isolates microvascular resistance. Only indices that detect microvascular disease as an independent cause of ischemia, including with non obstructive…

…aphasia, hemianopia or hand paresis in a person of working age Blood pressure Measure initially in both arms if this does not delay reperfusion treatment…

…care [1,2]. The condition is associated with falls, aspiration, pressure sores, loss of function, longer length of stay, institutional care, readmission, cognitive decline and…

…a life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs ventricular filling. It generally results from accumulation of pericardial fluid…

…be considered anginal equivalents. The emergency evaluation of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured around three principal diagnostic categories: Myocardial ischaemia , particularly acute coronary syndrome…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Dietary patterns are the overall combinations of foods habitually consumed rather than isolated nutrients considered independently. For cardiometabolic health…

…with ischemic heart disease is broader than chest pain itself, encompassing symptoms like tightness, pressure, and discomfort in the chest, arms, neck, jaw, upper back…

…oxidative stress. Metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease affects approximately 10% of non obese individuals and up to 65% of patients with metabolic syndrome. A…

…systolic blood pressure, non HDL cholesterol, diabetes, body mass index, and current smoking—account for more than half of the population attributable risk of cardiovascular…

…of myocardial infarction and stroke. Indications Intermittent claudication, rest pain in the foot or leg, or a non healing distal ulcer. Before compression treatment of…

…in whom non invasive measurement is unreliable: marked obesity, pronounced vasoconstriction, arrhythmia, intra aortic balloon pump. Assessment of stroke volume variation as part of fluid…

…before shunt surgery. Contraindications Clinical signs of herniation — deep unconsciousness with unreactive pupils, an altered breathing pattern, a rising blood pressure with bradycardia. A known…

…rhythm is not successful, blood pressure and ECG should be observed for an additional 15 minutes after the completion of the infusion. The initiated infusion…

…unexplained drop in arterial pressure. Silent or unrecognized infarction occurs more often in patients without antecedent angina and in those with diabetes and hypertension. Of

…lung pathologies In cases of benign pneumothorax, positive pressure ventilation can precipitate a tension pneumothorax, leading to circulatory collapse. Diagnosis of a tension pneumothorax can…

…with those used for non pregnant adults. The fetus is not harmed by defibrillation, amiodarone, or adrenaline (epinephrine). In the event of a cardiac arrest…

…related to the development of hypertension. Developing and non Western countries rarely display the blood pressure trajectories and high prevalence of hypertension that is ubiquitous…

…induce myocardial electrical activity by generating adequate coronary perfusion pressure (CPP). Myocardial activity is necessary to salvage the brain, and is therefore of prime importance…

…dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation. Repeated blood sampling during intensive care. Exhausted…

…despite maximal oxygen or non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with impending…

…completely. Relative contraindications: A high risk of aspiration: a non fasted patient, ileus, third trimester pregnancy, marked reflux. A need for high airway pressures, for…

…is calculated as the heart rate divided by the systolic blood pressure. A value of around 0.9 to 1.0 or higher in an…

…the first instance. Give small boluses, for example 250 to 500 mL, with immediate reassessment of the blood pressure, pulse, peripheral perfusion, mental state and…

…and non ST elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE ACS). The division into STE ACS and NSTE ACS has profound implications for management and treatment of…

…a dose of 30 ml/kg. Should fluid resuscitation fail to maintain a mean arterial pressure (MAP) above 65 mmHg, consider the initiation of vasopressor…

…capacity, stress testing also provides information on electrocardiographic (ECG) reaction, the occurrence of arrhythmias, symptoms, physiological reactions (blood pressure, heart rate) during and after exercise…

…Defibrillation : Use of non synchronized electric shock (i.e. a shock delivered randomly, without considering the phase of the cardiac cycle) to terminate ventricular fibrillation…

…0 non absorbable for the face, 4 0 for the trunk and limbs. Haemostasis: aluminium chloride solution 20–35 %, ferric subsulfate, electrocoagulation. A pot of…

…major non cardiac surgery. The vascular examination should include: palpation of peripheral pulses; auscultation for carotid, femoral, and abdominal bruits; bilateral brachial blood pressure measurement…

…than 50% of the lumen. Assessment of total coronary disease burden, including non obstructive plaque, therefore contributes prognostic information beyond identification of focal severe stenoses…

…Dyspnoea requires assessment of dynamic LV function, valve disease, pulmonary pressure, or haemodynamics Stress imaging is not recommended in patients undergoing urgent non cardiac surgery…

…greater pressure, thereby overcoming the resistance in the stenosis and maintaining adequate stroke volumes. Thus, ventricular hypertrophy is a compensatory mechanism, the purpose of which…

…pressure (manifests with sinus bradycardia and hypertension). Hypothyroidism . Hypothermia . Hyperkalemia . ECG example of sinus bradycardia Figure 1 shows sinus bradycardia at a paper speed of…