…raised outside it — associated with the same risk as manifest hypertension. Non dipping: a nocturnal fall in pressure of < 10% of the daytime value…

…are two different treatments with different physiology, and the commonest source of error is confusing them. CPAP delivers a constant pressure that recruits alveoli and…

…renal function further increases blood pressure. Non traditional cardiovascular mechanisms include: Uraemia associated inflammation Oxidative stress Vascular dysfunction Promotion of vascular calcification Albuminuria and proteinuria…

…al. and Safar et al. The majority of all asphytic cardiac arrests begin with PEA and progress to asystole. Shockable rhythms (ventricular fibrillation [VF], ventricular…

…induce vasoconstriction and raise the mean arterial pressure (MAP). Inotropes increase myocardial contractility. There are several synthetic and endogenous agents with inotropic and vasopressor effects…

…most common risk factor for PH. It produces postcapillary PH through elevation of left atrial and pulmonary venous pressure. In some patients, chronic postcapillary pr

…competing risk of death from non cardiovascular causes, an important consideration in older populations. Risk prediction is particularly relevant in adults with elevated blood pressure …

…with tamponade has an exceptionally poor prognosis. In the vast majority of these cases, the tamponade develops acutely or subacutely. It is uncommon for chronic…

…for pain). An opioid is rarely the right choice in nociplastic or neuropathic pain, in chronic non cancer pain, or in headache. A failure to…

…with previous myocardial infarction and residual inflammation, defined by hsCRP ≥2 mg/L, it produced a modest reduction in a composite of cardiovascular death, non…

…a greater burden of cardiovascular and non cardiovascular comorbidity than patients with reduced EF. Pathophysiology Abnormal ventricular relaxation and increased filling pressures The central hemodynamic…

…evidence of ischaemia represents acute myocardial injury rather than MI. Persistent elevation without a significant dynamic change is consistent with chronic myocardial injury. Non ischaemic…

…STEMI associated mechanical complications and 18% for those associated with NSTEMI. The timing of VSR, free wall rupture, and papillary muscle rupture is characteristically bimodal…

…The absence of symptoms indicates that the bradycardia is compensated by an increase in stroke volume. Symptomatic bradycardia may present with chronic or acute symptoms…

…to clopidogrel; reducing the dose of prasugrel; extending DAPT beyond 12 months in carefully selected patients with high ischemic risk and low bleeding risk. These…

…cannot be pursued. Patients receiving digoxin may present with symptoms of digitalis toxicity, which manifests across multiple organ systems. Non cardiac symptoms include headache, nausea…

…Coronary pressure assessment is consequently recommended to complement ICA, particularly for intermediate non left main coronary stenoses. Myocardial ischaemia may occur despite the absence of…

…the heart cannot provide blood flow commensurate with the body’s requirements, or can do so only at the expense of abnormally high filling pressures…

…A reduced CFR may occur with angiographically insignificant epicardial disease because of abnormalities in the coronary resistance vessels. Left ventricular hypertrophy also reduces coronary flow…

…Measure the blood pressure in both arms when fitting the device. Use the arm with the higher pressure, or the non dominant arm if the…

…risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke, and mortality. Stability : MAP readings tend to be more accurate than systolic blood pressure when using non invasive…

…generally with a validated upper arm oscillometric device. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM): automated measurement, usually over 24 hours, at predefined intervals. Inter arm difference…

…all adults with confirmed hypertension, defined in the cited recommendation as blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg. Screening is particularly pertinent in the presence of hypokalaemia…

…Indications Hypertensive crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity. Effects Primarily causes…

…In patients with HFpEF, acute hypertension is a frequent trigger of decompensation and may produce abrupt pulmonary oedema, sometimes requiring non invasive ventilation or intubation…

…clinical encounters improves detection of risk factors such as elevated blood pressure and lipid abnormalities. CAC should therefore be integrated with clinical assessment and established…

…rate response, blood pressure changes, ECG changes, arrhythmias, and exercise (functional) capacity. Functional capacity is a strong predictor of both cardiovascular and overall mortality, offering…

…distal pressure × hyperemic mean transit time — isolates microvascular resistance. Only indices that detect microvascular disease as an independent cause of ischemia, including with non obstructive…

…analysis of three phase 3 trials, tenecteplase was non inferior to alteplase with respect to an excellent functional outcome, without an increased risk of symptomatic…

…major surgery and intensive care [1,2]. The condition is associated with falls, aspiration, pressure sores, loss of function, longer length of stay, institutional care…

…before producing haemodynamic compromise. As intrapericardial pressure rises, the right atrium and right ventricle are compressed, with elevation of their diastolic pressures. Right sided filling…

…of presentations in some populations. Despite this relatively low prevalence, missed myocardial infarction remains consequential, and historically 2–6% of patients discharged with presumed non…

…infarction, the Mediterranean intervention involved greater consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes, bread and an alpha linolenic acid rich margarine, with lower consumption of meat, processed…

…associated with ischemic heart disease is broader than chest pain itself, encompassing symptoms like tightness, pressure, and discomfort in the chest, arms, neck, jaw, upper…

…oxidative stress. Metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease affects approximately 10% of non obese individuals and up to 65% of patients with metabolic syndrome. A…

…systolic blood pressure, non HDL cholesterol, diabetes, body mass index, and current smoking—account for more than half of the population attributable risk of cardiovascular…

…Arm pressure. Place the cuff on the upper arm. Locate the brachial signal in the antecubital fossa with the Doppler probe at 45–60° to…

…chance of success by counteracting vascular spasm. Pressure monitoring set: stiff, short tubing, a transducer, and a flush system with physiological saline in a pressure…

…before shunt surgery. Contraindications Clinical signs of herniation — deep unconsciousness with unreactive pupils, an altered breathing pattern, a rising blood pressure with bradycardia. A known…

…immediately available as a precaution. Dosage of vernakalant Vernakalant is dosed by body weight, with the maximum dose based upon 113 kg. Normal dilution: 4…

…unexplained drop in arterial pressure. Silent or unrecognized infarction occurs more often in patients without antecedent angina and in those with diabetes and hypertension. Of

…R. Open chest versus closed chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in trauma patients with signs of life of life hospital arrival upon arrival: a retrospective multicenter study…

…remain consistent with those used for non pregnant adults. The fetus is not harmed by defibrillation, amiodarone, or adrenaline (epinephrine). In the event of a…

…in individual with blood pressure below the cutoff for hypertension ( Lewington et al, Lawes et al, Pulter et al ). Epidemiology of hypertension Blood pressure is…

…of increasing coronary blood flow. In circumstances with non shockable rhythm or with prolonged periods of VF (fine VF resistant to defibrillations), the purpose of…

…dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation. Repeated blood sampling during intensive care. Exhausted…

…maximal oxygen or non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with impending exhaustion…

…completely. Relative contraindications: A high risk of aspiration: a non fasted patient, ileus, third trimester pregnancy, marked reflux. A need for high airway pressures, for…

…an exact estimate of blood loss [1]. Strong indications for activation Ongoing bleeding with haemodynamic instability, for example a systolic blood pressure below 90 mmHg…

…the first instance. Give small boluses, for example 250 to 500 mL, with immediate reassessment of the blood pressure, pulse, peripheral perfusion, mental state and…

…pressure, squeezing, or a crushing sensation across the precordium and may radiate to the neck, shoulder, jaw, back, upper abdomen, and left or right arm…

…Coimbra R. Open chest versus closed chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in trauma patients with signs of life upon hospital arrival: a retrospective multicenter study. Crit Care…

…capacity, stress testing also provides information on electrocardiographic (ECG) reaction, the occurrence of arrhythmias, symptoms, physiological reactions (blood pressure, heart rate) during and after exercise…

…Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) : Return of mechanical cardiac function resulting in circulation with pulse. Coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) : The pressure that drives blood flow…

…without a definite diagnosis. Choice of technique Diagnostic question Method Comment : : : Pigmented lesion, suspected melanoma Excision with a 1–3 mm margin, down into the…

…systolic blood pressure difference between the arms exceeding 15 mmHg is associated with a 50% higher risk of cardiovascular death. Bilateral arm blood pressure measurement…

…is associated with increased sudden death risk, particularly in individuals younger than 35 years during or after vigorous exercise. Anomalous origin of the left coronary…

…of dynamic LV function, valve disease, pulmonary pressure, or haemodynamics Stress imaging is not recommended in patients undergoing urgent non cardiac surgery or those with…

…gradient. Pathophysiology of aortic stenosis As aortic stenosis progresses, pressure conditions on the left side change dramatically, including in the left ventricle, left atrium, aorta…

…pressure (manifests with sinus bradycardia and hypertension). Hypothyroidism . Hypothermia . Hyperkalemia . ECG example of sinus bradycardia Figure 1 shows sinus bradycardia at a paper speed of…