…of the upper arm circumference — a cuff that is too narrow gives a falsely high reading The cuff at heart level Measure in both arms…

…ongoing upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Marked agitation or inability to cooperate. Copious secretions without an effective cough. Choice of method and settings Condition Method Starting pressure…

…renal function further increases blood pressure. Non traditional cardiovascular mechanisms include: Uraemia associated inflammation Oxidative stress Vascular dysfunction Promotion of vascular calcification Albuminuria and proteinuria…

…altitude sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The natural course of asphyxia Should ventilation…

Kardiologi Intensivvård Lathundar Vasopressors induce vasoconstriction and raise the mean arterial pressure (MAP). Inotropes increase myocardial contractility. There are several synthetic and endogenous agents with…

…most common risk factor for PH. It produces postcapillary PH through elevation of left atrial and pulmonary venous pressure. In some patients, chronic postcapillary pr

…competing risk of death from non cardiovascular causes, an important consideration in older populations. Risk prediction is particularly relevant in adults with elevated blood pressure …

…chronic pericardial effusions to cause sudden cardiac arrest since these cases tend to be recognized and managed before circulatory collapse occurs. The leading causes of…

…for pain). An opioid is rarely the right choice in nociplastic or neuropathic pain, in chronic non cancer pain, or in headache. A failure to…

…with stable or chronic atherosclerotic coronary disease, many of whom have a previous acute coronary syndrome. The available evidence supports consideration of low dose colchicine…

…a greater burden of cardiovascular and non cardiovascular comorbidity than patients with reduced EF. Pathophysiology Abnormal ventricular relaxation and increased filling pressures The central hemodynamic…

…evidence of ischaemia represents acute myocardial injury rather than MI. Persistent elevation without a significant dynamic change is consistent with chronic myocardial injury. Non ischaemic…

…tamponade, and sudden: Loss of pulse. Loss of blood pressure. Loss of consciousness. Electromechanical dissociation or pulseless electrical activity despite ongoing sinus rhythm on the…

…Cardiac output and blood pressure, rather than ECG, are the strongest predictors of adverse outcomes. Non acute or asymptomatic bradycardia Non acute bradycardia is a…

…denotes treatment with aspirin plus a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction…

…chronic lung disease, hypothyroidism, and amyloidosis. Furthermore, ongoing ischemia, hypomagnesemia, and moderate to severe renal impairment increase the likelihood of digitalis intoxication even at therapeutic…

…Coronary pressure assessment is consequently recommended to complement ICA, particularly for intermediate non left main coronary stenoses. Myocardial ischaemia may occur despite the absence of…

…high filling pressures. The resulting haemodynamic congestion produces a characteristic clinical phenotype of breathlessness, fatigue and oedema. This definition does not depend on left ventricular…

…CFR may occur with angiographically insignificant epicardial disease because of abnormalities in the coronary resistance vessels. Left ventricular hypertrophy also reduces coronary flow reserve: myocardial…

…Measure the blood pressure in both arms when fitting the device. Use the arm with the higher pressure, or the non dominant arm if the…

…risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke, and mortality. Stability : MAP readings tend to be more accurate than systolic blood pressure when using non invasive…

…device. Home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM): self measurement at home, generally with a validated upper arm oscillometric device. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM): automated measurement…

…permitted when assessing dietary electrolyte intake, because it can increase blood pressure and may affect interpretation of the clinical picture. A 24 hour urine collection…

…Indications Hypertensive crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity. Effects Primarily causes…

…with HFpEF, acute hypertension is a frequent trigger of decompensation and may produce abrupt pulmonary oedema, sometimes requiring non invasive ventilation or intubation. Aortic disease…

…practical characteristics: Non contrast CT acquisition ECG gating A single breath hold No intravenous line No premedication No special preparation Radiation exposure of approximately 1…

…rate response, blood pressure changes, ECG changes, arrhythmias, and exercise (functional) capacity. Functional capacity is a strong predictor of both cardiovascular and overall mortality, offering…

…distal pressure × hyperemic mean transit time — isolates microvascular resistance. Only indices that detect microvascular disease as an independent cause of ischemia, including with non obstructive…

…aphasia, hemianopia or hand paresis in a person of working age Blood pressure Measure initially in both arms if this does not delay reperfusion treatment…

…care [1,2]. The condition is associated with falls, aspiration, pressure sores, loss of function, longer length of stay, institutional care, readmission, cognitive decline and…

…mass. Tamponade occurs when intrapericardial pressure equals or exceeds right atrial pressure. The haemodynamic consequences are progressive impairment of right and left sided filling, reduced…

…symptom. It includes pain, pressure, tightness, heaviness, burning, or discomfort in the chest and may extend to the arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, upper back, abdomen…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Dietary patterns are the overall combinations of foods habitually consumed rather than isolated nutrients considered independently. For cardiometabolic health…

…than chest pain itself, encompassing symptoms like tightness, pressure, and discomfort in the chest, arms, neck, jaw, upper back, and abdomen, as well as dyspnea…

…profibrotic mediators. Perinephric fat is associated with hypertension and blood pressure variability, while obesity and hypertension together promote left ventricular hypertrophy and kidney injury. The…

…systolic blood pressure, non HDL cholesterol, diabetes, body mass index, and current smoking—account for more than half of the population attributable risk of cardiovascular…

…Procedure 1. Arm pressure. Place the cuff on the upper arm. Locate the brachial signal in the antecubital fossa with the Doppler probe at 45…

…in whom non invasive measurement is unreliable: marked obesity, pronounced vasoconstriction, arrhythmia, intra aortic balloon pump. Assessment of stroke volume variation as part of fluid…

…before shunt surgery. Contraindications Clinical signs of herniation — deep unconsciousness with unreactive pupils, an altered breathing pattern, a rising blood pressure with bradycardia. A known…

…rhythm is not successful, blood pressure and ECG should be observed for an additional 15 minutes after the completion of the infusion. The initiated infusion…

…unexplained drop in arterial pressure. Silent or unrecognized infarction occurs more often in patients without antecedent angina and in those with diabetes and hypertension. Of

…lung pathologies In cases of benign pneumothorax, positive pressure ventilation can precipitate a tension pneumothorax, leading to circulatory collapse. Diagnosis of a tension pneumothorax can…

…by manual displacement of the uterus to the left. Consider tilting the patient at a 15–30° left lateral angle to relieve pressure on the…

…related to the development of hypertension. Developing and non Western countries rarely display the blood pressure trajectories and high prevalence of hypertension that is ubiquitous…

…induce myocardial electrical activity by generating adequate coronary perfusion pressure (CPP). Myocardial activity is necessary to salvage the brain, and is therefore of prime importance…

…dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation. Repeated blood sampling during intensive care. Exhausted…

…despite maximal oxygen or non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with impending…

…completely. Relative contraindications: A high risk of aspiration: a non fasted patient, ileus, third trimester pregnancy, marked reflux. A need for high airway pressures, for…

…is calculated as the heart rate divided by the systolic blood pressure. A value of around 0.9 to 1.0 or higher in an…

…strong suspicion of portal hypertension? Variceal and ulcer bleeding are managed differently from the first minute. Peptic ulcer remains the commonest cause of upper gastrointestinal…

…pressure, squeezing, or a crushing sensation across the precordium and may radiate to the neck, shoulder, jaw, back, upper abdomen, and left or right arm…

…a dose of 30 ml/kg. Should fluid resuscitation fail to maintain a mean arterial pressure (MAP) above 65 mmHg, consider the initiation of vasopressor…

…capacity, stress testing also provides information on electrocardiographic (ECG) reaction, the occurrence of arrhythmias, symptoms, physiological reactions (blood pressure, heart rate) during and after exercise…

…Defibrillation : Use of non synchronized electric shock (i.e. a shock delivered randomly, without considering the phase of the cardiac cycle) to terminate ventricular fibrillation…

…0 non absorbable for the face, 4 0 for the trunk and limbs. Haemostasis: aluminium chloride solution 20–35 %, ferric subsulfate, electrocoagulation. A pot of…

…risk of cardiovascular death. Bilateral arm blood pressure measurement is therefore recommended in the vascular assessment. A carotid bruit is an important marker of cardiovascular…

…exercise. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery is less frequent but is considered more malignant than anomalous origin of the right coronary artery. High…

…Dyspnoea requires assessment of dynamic LV function, valve disease, pulmonary pressure, or haemodynamics Stress imaging is not recommended in patients undergoing urgent non cardiac surgery…

…gradient. Pathophysiology of aortic stenosis As aortic stenosis progresses, pressure conditions on the left side change dramatically, including in the left ventricle, left atrium, aorta…

…high vagal tone. These individuals have developed a highly efficient left ventricle, capable of generating sufficient cardiac output at low heart rates. During vasovagal syncope…