…increase. Hypertensive crisis Hypertensive urgency: markedly raised pressure without organ involvement — lower it orally over days. Hypertensive emergency: raised pressure with acute organ damage (encephalopathy…

…Copious secretions without an effective cough. Choice of method and settings Condition Method Starting pressure Escalation Oxygen target : : : : : Cardiogenic pulmonary oedema CPAP 5–7.5…

…renal function further increases blood pressure. Non traditional cardiovascular mechanisms include: Uraemia associated inflammation Oxidative stress Vascular dysfunction Promotion of vascular calcification Albuminuria and proteinuria…

…al. and Safar et al. The majority of all asphytic cardiac arrests begin with PEA and progress to asystole. Shockable rhythms (ventricular fibrillation [VF], ventricular…

…induce vasoconstriction and raise the mean arterial pressure (MAP). Inotropes increase myocardial contractility. There are several synthetic and endogenous agents with inotropic and vasopressor effects…

…most common risk factor for PH. It produces postcapillary PH through elevation of left atrial and pulmonary venous pressure. In some patients, chronic postcapillary pr

…competing risk of death from non cardiovascular causes, an important consideration in older populations. Risk prediction is particularly relevant in adults with elevated blood pressure …

…Even small pressure elevations on the right side can compromise venous return to the right ventricle. Therefore, in the presence of a tamponade, chest compressions…

…slowly over at least a minute; a rapid injection causes nausea and a fall in blood pressure without better analgesia. Flush the cannula before and…

…with previous myocardial infarction and residual inflammation, defined by hsCRP ≥2 mg/L, it produced a modest reduction in a composite of cardiovascular death, non…

…a greater burden of cardiovascular and non cardiovascular comorbidity than patients with reduced EF. Pathophysiology Abnormal ventricular relaxation and increased filling pressures The central hemodynamic…

…without evidence of ischaemia represents acute myocardial injury rather than MI. Persistent elevation without a significant dynamic change is consistent with chronic myocardial injury. Non…

…Hypertension. Absence of an adequate collateral circulation. A first or anterior infarction. Single vessel disease without collateral support. Chronic kidney disease, particularly in relation to…

…The absence of symptoms indicates that the bradycardia is compensated by an increase in stroke volume. Symptomatic bradycardia may present with chronic or acute symptoms…

…than chronic stable angina include: sudden symptoms occurring at rest or with minimal exertion; symptoms lasting at least 10 minutes unless treated immediately; severe chest…

…management of heart failure, digoxin improves hemodynamics without increasing heart rate or decreasing blood pressure, making it a consideration for patients with low blood pressure…

…from non invasive testing and the anticipated effect of the result on management. ICA with available coronary pressure assessment is recommended in patients with a…

…fraction (LVEF). Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is defined by the combination of symptoms, with or without physical signs, and an LVEF below…

…with angiographically insignificant epicardial disease because of abnormalities in the coronary resistance vessels. Left ventricular hypertrophy also reduces coronary flow reserve: myocardial mass increases without…

…and with a measurement interval of no more than 30 minutes throughout the 24 hours. Phenotype Office blood pressure ABPM : : : Normotension Normal Normal White coat…

…risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke, and mortality. Stability : MAP readings tend to be more accurate than systolic blood pressure when using non invasive…

…conventional hypertension threshold. The traditional diagnostic threshold of 140/90 mmHg derives from epidemiological observations associating pressures above this level with increased mortality. Contemporary management…

…all adults with confirmed hypertension, defined in the cited recommendation as blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg. Screening is particularly pertinent in the presence of hypokalaemia…

…Indications Hypertensive crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity. Effects Primarily causes…

…Possible manifestations include headache, visual disturbance, chest pain, dyspnoea, dizziness, and neurological deficits. Neurological involvement Hypertensive encephalopathy may present with somnolence, lethargy, tonic–clonic seizures…

…in selected lower risk individuals with a family history of premature coronary artery disease. CAC findings incidentally identified on a chest CT performed for another…

…rate response, blood pressure changes, ECG changes, arrhythmias, and exercise (functional) capacity. Functional capacity is a strong predictor of both cardiovascular and overall mortality, offering…

…distal pressure × hyperemic mean transit time — isolates microvascular resistance. Only indices that detect microvascular disease as an independent cause of ischemia, including with non obstructive…

…analysis of three phase 3 trials, tenecteplase was non inferior to alteplase with respect to an excellent functional outcome, without an increased risk of symptomatic…

…major surgery and intensive care [1,2]. The condition is associated with falls, aspiration, pressure sores, loss of function, longer length of stay, institutional care…

…before producing haemodynamic compromise. As intrapericardial pressure rises, the right atrium and right ventricle are compressed, with elevation of their diastolic pressures. Right sided filling…

…remains consequential, and historically 2–6% of patients discharged with presumed non ischaemic chest pain were subsequently found to have had an infarction. Pathophysiological Considerations…

…improve cardiometabolic risk factors within 6–8 weeks even without weight loss. Cardiovascular Outcomes Associated With Dietary Patterns Cardiovascular disease and mortality The strongest long…

…also occur [5]. Non Cardiac Causes Several non cardiac conditions can present with chest pain that requires careful differentiation from ischemic heart disease [1], [2]…

…oxidative stress. Metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease affects approximately 10% of non obese individuals and up to 65% of patients with metabolic syndrome. A…

…targets people without clinical CVD who nevertheless have established risk factors or an elevated estimated risk. It combines lifestyle intervention with treatment of risk factors…

…of myocardial infarction and stroke. Indications Intermittent claudication, rest pain in the foot or leg, or a non healing distal ulcer. Before compression treatment of…

…artery with two fingertips and note the direction. Disinfect and allow to air dry. 2. Anaesthetise the skin with a small amount of lidocaine without…

…Meningeal carcinomatosis and CNS involvement in haematological malignancy. Investigation of dementia with biomarkers (amyloid, tau, phospho tau). Measurement of the opening pressure in suspected idiopathic…

…immediately available as a precaution. Dosage of vernakalant Vernakalant is dosed by body weight, with the maximum dose based upon 113 kg. Normal dilution: 4…

…unexplained drop in arterial pressure. Silent or unrecognized infarction occurs more often in patients without antecedent angina and in those with diabetes and hypertension. Of

…R. Open chest versus closed chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in trauma patients with signs of life of life hospital arrival upon arrival: a retrospective multicenter study…

…remain consistent with those used for non pregnant adults. The fetus is not harmed by defibrillation, amiodarone, or adrenaline (epinephrine). In the event of a…

…90–95% of individuals with hypertension have essential hypertension , also referred to as primary hypertension . Essential hypertension is defined as hypertension without an identifiable underlying…

…perfusion pressure (CPP). Myocardial activity is necessary to salvage the brain, and is therefore of prime importance. This is achieved by performing effective chest compressions…

…dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation. Repeated blood sampling during intensive care. Exhausted…

…maximal oxygen or non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with impending exhaustion…

…completely. Relative contraindications: A high risk of aspiration: a non fasted patient, ileus, third trimester pregnancy, marked reflux. A need for high airway pressures, for…

…an exact estimate of blood loss [1]. Strong indications for activation Ongoing bleeding with haemodynamic instability, for example a systolic blood pressure below 90 mmHg…

…Give small boluses, for example 250 to 500 mL, with immediate reassessment of the blood pressure, pulse, peripheral perfusion, mental state and chest findings. Avoid

…and carefully without delaying time to treatment. History taking, physical examination, ECG and laboratory tests are the cornerstones of management of patients with chest pain…

…Coimbra R. Open chest versus closed chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in trauma patients with signs of life upon hospital arrival: a retrospective multicenter study. Crit Care…

…capacity, stress testing also provides information on electrocardiographic (ECG) reaction, the occurrence of arrhythmias, symptoms, physiological reactions (blood pressure, heart rate) during and after exercise…

…Defibrillation : Use of non synchronized electric shock (i.e. a shock delivered randomly, without considering the phase of the cardiac cycle) to terminate ventricular fibrillation…

…A treatment resistant rash without a definite diagnosis. Choice of technique Diagnostic question Method Comment : : : Pigmented lesion, suspected melanoma Excision with a 1–3 mm…

…being assessed before non cardiac surgery should be questioned specifically about neurological symptoms during the preceding 6 months. Those with symptoms suggestive of TIA or…

…be functionally significant, whereas a severe appearing lesion may not produce demonstrable ischaemia. Functional assessment with pressure or flow measurements, intravascular imaging, or fractional flow…

…of dynamic LV function, valve disease, pulmonary pressure, or haemodynamics Stress imaging is not recommended in patients undergoing urgent non cardiac surgery or those with…

…Prognosis in aortic stenosis according to type of stenosis. The patients with low flow (stroke volume index <35 ml/m²) and low gradient (<40 mmHg…

…pressure (manifests with sinus bradycardia and hypertension). Hypothyroidism . Hypothermia . Hyperkalemia . ECG example of sinus bradycardia Figure 1 shows sinus bradycardia at a paper speed of…