…typically platelet rich and less occlusive, often presenting clinically as Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) rather than STEMI [4] . Calcified Nodules: A less common…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Non ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes (NSTE ACS): Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and Unstable Angina (UA) The focus…

…and other triglyceride rich particles Thus, non HDL C provides a broader estimate of atherogenic cholesterol than LDL C alone. It is particularly informative when…

…epicardial lesion rather than its anatomical appearance alone. Coronary angiography provides only an imperfect estimate of functional severity. Angiographic interpretation is affected by interobserver variability…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and clinical concept Myocardial infarction with non obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) describes a clinical presentation in which the patient has…

…patients with a high probability, testing may add little diagnostic value and invasive coronary angiography may be more appropriate when symptoms, risk or anatomical considerations…

…coronary syndromes (ACS) into ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has guided clinical decision making for decades but…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Ezetimibe is a non statin lipid lowering agent that inhibits the Niemann–Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter…

…inflammatory cytokines, and vasoconstricting mediators, producing abnormal vascular responses and potentially increasing the future risk of obstructive coronary disease. ANOCA/INOCA is heterogeneous. Potential mechanisms…

…or mechanical complications. Risk assessment is intended to identify patients most likely to benefit from early coronary angiography and revascularization, while avoiding unnecessary procedural complications…

…including non calcified plaques that are not directly visualized by calcium scoring. In contrast, coronary CT angiography (CCTA) can characterize both calcified and non calcified…

Echocardiography Ultrasound artifacts The following artifacts are common in ultrasound imaging: The ultrasound image displays non existing structures. The ultrasound image does not display existing…

Cardiology Principles of myocardial perfusion imaging Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a non invasive technique for detecting and quantifying coronary artery disease (CAD). It offers…

…®, Rogitine ® Indications Hypertensive crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Clinical Role Coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) is a non invasive anatomical examination that depicts the coronary arterial lumen…

…focuses principally on ASCVD prevention and reduction of LDL C, non HDL C and apolipoprotein B. Causes and secondary contributors A search for secondary contributors…

…work systematically through the possible causes, apply several non pharmacological measures at the same time, and use drugs only in severe agitation or marked distress…

…applies where you work. They assume normal renal and hepatic function, a non pregnant adult of normal weight, and individual assessment. See the separate quick…

…history of asthma, rhinitis, or urticaria triggered by: Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). Other non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Other contraindications: Hemophilia. Thrombocytopenia. Active gastric or…

…including: Unstable angina (UA) Non ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) This applies to patients undergoing either primary or delayed percutaneous…

…onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is used in the following settings: Non surgery patients: atrial fibrillation ≤7 days duration. Post cardiac surgery: atrial…

…used in adults aged ≥70 years. SCORE2 OP accounts for the competing risk of death from non cardiovascular causes, an important consideration in older populations…

…non ST elevation ACS (NSTE ACS), or ACS complicated by cardiogenic shock. In NSTE ACS, a strategy involving coronary angiography and subsequent revascularization may be…

…the most favourable patterns generally contain more minimally processed, fibre rich and bioactive foods, including fruits, non starchy vegetables, beans, whole grains, nuts and seeds…

…troponin elevation, ACS are classified into unstable angina (UA), non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). While the…

…an intraluminal thrombus. The clinical spectrum includes unstable angina, non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The traditional…

…natural course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) The traditional distinction between NSTE ACS (NSTEMI, Non STEMI) and STE ACS (STEMI) is slightly simplified. In reality…

…visual angiographic guidance in selecting lesions for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Non hyperemic pressure ratios (instantaneous wave free ratio [iFR], resting full cycle ratio [RFR]…

…ECG and haemodynamics. Do not wait for troponin. If clinical suspicion persists despite an initially non diagnostic ECG, the ECG must be repeated, particularly with…

…assess early ischaemic changes CT angiography The standard investigation in acute stroke to identify large vessel occlusion, dissection or other vascular pathology CT perfusion Used…

…Use the arm with the higher pressure, or the non dominant arm if the values are equal. Check against a manual measurement and document the…

…circulatory compromise severe gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly after exposure to a drug, insect venom or another non food allergen 2. Acute airway, respiratory or circulatory compromise…

…rest pain in the foot or leg, or a non healing distal ulcer. Before compression treatment of a leg ulcer — compression in arterial insufficiency can…

…metabolic derangement. Major surgery with expected blood loss or large volume shifts. Patients in whom non invasive measurement is unreliable: marked obesity, pronounced vasoconstriction, arrhythmia…

…level Measure in both arms at the first visit; a difference 15 mmHg suggests vascular disease, and the arm with the higher reading is used…

…Transfusion thresholds in the stable, non bleeding patient Patient category Transfusion threshold (Hb) : : Most stable adult inpatients, including intensive care 70 g/L Known cardiovascular…

…reflexes, vomiting with a risk of aspiration. Inadequate oxygenation despite maximal oxygen or non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis…

…The laryngeal mask is a compromise and does not protect the airway completely. Relative contraindications: A high risk of aspiration: a non fasted patient, ileus…

…must never delay it. Indications Suspected meningitis or encephalitis. Suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage with a normal or non diagnostic CT. Suspected neuroborreliosis, neurosyphilis or another CNS…

…are introduced, although the effect on 24 hour mortality is uncertain and the evidence for non traumatic bleeding is weaker [2,3,4]. Do the…

…for pain). An opioid is rarely the right choice in nociplastic or neuropathic pain, in chronic non cancer pain, or in headache. A failure to…

…hours versus 37 °C, with a non shockable initial rhythm More patients with a good neurological outcome (CPC 1–2) at 90 days, 10.2 …

…malignancy and an aortoenteric fistula. Variceal bleeding generally has a higher early mortality than non variceal bleeding [1,2]. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding can present as…

…implantation. Beta blockers, particularly non selective agents like nadolol and propranolol, are the first line treatment for reducing arrhythmic risk across all LQTS genotypes. These…

…implantation. Beta blockers, particularly non selective agents like nadolol and propranolol, are the first line treatment for reducing arrhythmic risk across all LQTS genotypes. These…

…Dofetilide, Ibutilide, Sotalol Class IV Non dihydropyridine L type Ca 2+ channel blockers Diltiazem, Verapamil Singh–Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs. Bold text indicates…

…ventricular septal defects (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Echocardiography provides a non invasive, accessible method to calculate this ratio, guiding clinical decisions about intervention…

…bleeding complications. The CHA₂DS₂ VA score is a clinical tool designed to assess stroke risk in patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). It is…

…enhancing consistency in patient care. Non Invasiveness: The calculation relies on readily available clinical parameters, eliminating the need for more invasive and costly direct measurements…

…The higher the estimated risk, the earlier should angiography be performed. TIMI risk score for NSTEMI and unstable angina [calc_timi_nstemi] TIMI SCORE 30…

…2031 7. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non ST elevation MI: A method for prognostication and therapeutic decision making E M Antman, M…

…TdP). Drug induced LQTS and TdP represent a multifactorial clinical entity that typically emerges when multiple modifiable and non modifiable risk factors converge. The electrophysiological…

…disease, or peripheral artery disease. Secondary prevention concerns patients with established vascular disease, in whom aspirin has a substantially more favourable benefit–risk profile. Aspirin…

…ACL reduces hepatic cholesterol synthesis and produces reductions in LDL C, non high density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B and high sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP…

…be considered anginal equivalents. The emergency evaluation of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured around three principal diagnostic categories: Myocardial ischaemia , particularly acute coronary syndrome…

…also occur at rest or remain clinically silent. The underlying coronary disease may be obstructive or non obstructive. Atherosclerotic plaque accumulation in the epicardial arteries…

…syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or medical…

…dyspnea and nausea (anginal equivalents) [7]. Clinicians must consider both cardiac and non cardiac etiologies [1]. Cardiac Causes The primary differential diagnoses include conditions that…

…clinical presentation, bleeding risk, the anticipated need for non cardiac surgery, procedural complexity, and the relative merits of PCI and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG…