…3] . By Duration: Non sustained VT (NSVT): Defined as three or more consecutive ventricular beats at a rate exceeding 100 beats per minute (bpm), which…

…or non cardiac . The term “atypical” is discouraged because it may understate the possibility of ischaemia. A focused history should establish: Quality of the discomfort…

…stratify patients into low, intermediate, or high risk categories. A significant shortcoming of the HCM Risk SCD Score is the absence of magnetic resonance imaging…

…Epigastric or subxiphoid pain may be mistaken for indigestion. Associated manifestations include: Sweating Nausea and vomiting Anxiety A sense of impending doom When STEMI begins…

…as exercise ECG or exercise tolerance test . Because the vast majority of all exercise stress tests in the United States are performed using a treadmill…

…culminating in a partially or fully occlusive intraluminal thrombus [5] . ACS Classification The clinical spectrum of Acute Coronary Syndromes encompasses Unstable Angina (UA), Non ST…

…and the ST Segment and ST segment depressions), a rehearsal of ECG characteristics and criteria is provided here. Management (treatment) of NSTEMI and unstable angina…

…Inability to protect the airway: a reduced level of consciousness not attributable to hypercapnia, marked swallowing difficulty, vomiting. Haemodynamic instability or a life threatening arrhythmia…

…the relative advantage of apoB over non HDL C or standard lipid testing remains unsettled. In a large population study, LDL C, non HDL C…

…stenoses in the left main stem or proximal left anterior descending artery are more likely to affect flow because they supply a larger myocardial territory…

…obstructive stenosis in a major epicardial coronary artery. Non obstructive disease is generally defined as the absence of a stenosis of 50% or more in…

…obstructive atherosclerotic CAD, coronary microvascular dysfunction or vasospasm. A normal or non obstructive coronary anatomy does not necessarily exclude an ischaemic mechanism. Clinical assessment and…

…a novel classification has been proposed: Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (OMI) versus Non Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (NOMI). This method focuses on the presence or absence of…

…Its principal clinical effect is therefore reduction of LDL cholesterol (LDL C), through a mechanism complementary to that of statins. Statins reduce hepatic cholesterol synthesis…

…to have non anginal symptoms such as dyspnoea and fatigue, as well as a greater prevalence of MVA. Symptoms may be persistent or episodic and…

…results. Patients with suspected ACS are categorized into a STEMI pathway or an NSTE ACS pathway according to the initial ECG and clinical presentation. For…

…non calcified plaque, particularly in middle age. Conversely, a high CAC score indicates substantial atherosclerotic burden but does not, by itself, establish the presence or…

…the greater the refraction. Refraction artifacts occur when ultrasound travels through tissue that behaves as a lens which causes significant refraction, directing the ultrasound to…

…imaging (MPI) is a non invasive technique for detecting and quantifying coronary artery disease (CAD). It offers visual and numerical insights into myocardial blood flow…

…®, Rogitine ® Indications Hypertensive crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity…

…excluding non ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS) in patients with a low to intermediate likelihood of CAD when cardiac troponin and/or…

…risk factors and associated disease. The supplied material does not specify a diagnostic physical examination protocol or characteristic examination findings. Diagnostics and laboratory findings Lipid…

…work systematically through the possible causes, apply several non pharmacological measures at the same time, and use drugs only in severe agitation or marked distress…

…applies where you work. They assume normal renal and hepatic function, a non pregnant adult of normal weight, and individual assessment. See the separate quick…

…Do not administer to patients with a history of asthma, rhinitis, or urticaria triggered by: Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). Other non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs…

…angina (UA) Non ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) This applies to patients undergoing either primary or delayed percutaneous coronary intervention…

…to sinus rhythm. Th e infusion must be aborted if hypotension or bradycardia occurs. A defibrillator should be immediately available as a precaution. Dosage of…

…a calculated 10 year risk of ≥10% is considered sufficiently high to support BP lowering treatment, whether through lifestyle intervention, pharmacological therapy, or both. A…

…non ST elevation ACS (NSTE ACS), or ACS complicated by cardiogenic shock. In NSTE ACS, a strategy involving coronary angiography and subsequent revascularization may be…

…reported a 30% reduction in major cardiovascular events with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with either nuts or extra virgin olive oil compared with a low…

…and the presence of troponin elevation, ACS are classified into unstable angina (UA), non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST segment elevation myocardial…

…erosion. Thrombosis associated with a calcified nodule. Epicardial or microvascular coronary spasm. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Coronary embolism of cardiac or non cardiac origin. Oxygen…

…grow new vessels into the ischemic zone. Newly formed vessels, which may originate from other branches of the same coronary artery or another coronary artery…

…yr) · FAME 3 Non hyperemic ratios (iFR / RFR / Pd Pa / dPR) Resting Pd/Pa during the diastolic “wave free period” (iFR) or the lowest ratio…

…diagnosis at a non PCI hospital to wire crossing As quickly as possible, primary PCI if the total expected time is 120 minutes or less…

…whole dose is given as a bolus [1,2]. In a meta analysis of three phase 3 trials, tenecteplase was non inferior to alteplase with…

…the higher pressure, or the non dominant arm if the values are equal. Check against a manual measurement and document the difference. Programme measurements every…

…Remove a visible bee sting. Never delay adrenaline in order to identify or remove the allergen. 2. Give adrenaline 1 mg/ml intramuscularly into the…

…rest pain in the foot or leg, or a non healing distal ulcer. Before compression treatment of a leg ulcer — compression in arterial insufficiency can…

…that an arterial line must never be confused with a venous access. Indications Continuous blood pressure monitoring in haemodynamic instability or during ongoing vasoactive treatment…

…with the same risk as manifest hypertension. Non dipping: a nocturnal fall in pressure of < 10% of the daytime value; an independent risk marker…

…that determines the outcome. Indications Symptomatic anaemia, or a haemoglobin below the applicable transfusion threshold (see below). Ongoing bleeding with haemodynamic compromise, whatever the current…

…through the equipment out loud with the team, not in your head. Functioning suction within reach under the pillow or by the right shoulder. A…

…aspiration: a non fasted patient, ileus, third trimester pregnancy, marked reflux. A need for high airway pressures, for example severe ARDS, marked obesity or a…

…delay it. Indications Suspected meningitis or encephalitis. Suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage with a normal or non diagnostic CT. Suspected neuroborreliosis, neurosyphilis or another CNS infection. Suspected…

…suggest a lower overall mortality after such protocols are introduced, although the effect on 24 hour mortality is uncertain and the evidence for non traumatic…

…right choice in nociplastic or neuropathic pain, in chronic non cancer pain, or in headache. A failure to improve function is a reason to taper…

…or functional outcome; more arrhythmias with haemodynamic compromise in the hypothermia group HYPERION (2019) 33 °C for 24 hours versus 37 °C, with a non…

…bleeding generally has a higher early mortality than non variceal bleeding [1,2]. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding can present as haematemesis, coffee ground vomiting or melaena…

…at elevated risk—such as those with a history of cardiac arrest, recurrent syncope despite beta blocker therapy, or markedly prolonged QT intervals—the implantation…

…at elevated risk—such as those with a history of cardiac arrest, recurrent syncope despite beta blocker therapy, or markedly prolonged QT intervals—the implantation…

…LQTS). TdP occurs exclusively in individuals with LQTS (congenital or acquired). The VT is polymorphic with a gradual alteration in the QRS amplitude, often with…

…congenital or acquired cardiac shunts, such as atrial septal defects (ASD), ventricular septal defects (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Echocardiography provides a non invasive…

…S, et al. CHA₂DS₂ VASc or a non sex score (CHA₂DS₂ VA) for stroke risk prediction in atrial fibrillation: a cohort study. Eur Heart J …

…when applied to healthy populations or those with acute kidney injury. Influence of Muscle Mass and Diet: Serum creatinine levels, a key component of the…

…2031 7. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non ST elevation MI: A method for prognostication and therapeutic decision making E M Antman, M…

…2031 7. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non ST elevation MI: A method for prognostication and therapeutic decision making E M Antman, M…

…an increase in the frequency of a pre existing arrhythmia, the sustenance of a previously non sustained arrhythmia, or the development of an entirely new…

…does not reduce cardiovascular or all cause mortality. Reported relative effects include: Approximately 11% reduction in cardiovascular events in a meta analysis of primary prevention…

…particularly when statins cannot be tolerated or when LDL C remains above goal despite maximally tolerated therapy. It is a prodrug activated predominantly in the…