…as acute brain failure. It is precipitated by somatic illness, drugs, poisoning, withdrawal, surgery or several concurrent factors. A diagnosis of delirium is therefore the…

…thrombus [5] . ACS Classification The clinical spectrum of Acute Coronary Syndromes encompasses Unstable Angina (UA), Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI), and ST Elevation Myocardial…

…is the diagnosis and management of patients with Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and unstable angina (UA), which are collectively referred to as NSTE…

…NIV IPAP 12–15 and EPAP 4–5 cmH₂O Increase the IPAP in steps of 2–3 cmH₂O every 5–10 min towards 20–25…

…and non HDL C primarily reflect cholesterol content. The amount of cholesterol carried by individual particles varies according to particle size and composition. As a…

…the functional significance of an epicardial coronary stenosis. It is defined during maximal pharmacological coronary vasodilation as the ratio of mean pressure distal to the…

…coronary artery. Non obstructive disease is generally defined as the absence of a stenosis of 50% or more in any potential infarct related artery. MINOCA…

…dedicated testing, or a qualitative assessment of CAC on a non gated chest CT, can modify the estimated likelihood of atherosclerotic obstructive CAD. CAC is…

…on ST segment elevation as the key trigger for emergent reperfusion therapy. This approach fails to identify a substantial proportion of patients with acute coronary…

…settings, while the broader lipid lowering recommendation refers to a recurrent event without requiring that it be of the same type as the initial event…

…with non obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA) denotes the subgroup in whom objective myocardial ischaemia is demonstrated. ANOCA may occur in up to 70% of patients…

…spectrum of non ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS). The clinical spectrum includes patients with a confirmed NSTEMI, patients with a working diagnosis of…

…likely to rupture than non calcified, lipid rich plaque. CAC nevertheless serves as a marker of the broader atherosclerotic process, including non calcified plaques that…

…displays non existing structures. The ultrasound image does not display existing structures. The ultrasound image misrepresents the echogenicity of structures. Echogenicity is defined as the…

…capacity of coronary arteries to augment blood flow in response to increased myocardial oxygen demand, such as during physical exertion. It is defined as the…

…®, Rogitine ® Indications Hypertensive crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity…

…non ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS) in patients with a low to intermediate likelihood of CAD when cardiac troponin and/or the…

…pancreatitis. Evaluation and physical examination Evaluation should establish: The triglyceride concentration and whether the sample was fasting or non fasting. The presence of ASCVD, peripheral…

…hepatic function, a non pregnant adult of normal weight, and individual assessment. See the separate quick reference for dosing in impaired renal function. Respiratory tract…

…100 mg/day during the third trimester of pregnancy. Dosage Acute myocardial infarction: Initial loading dose: 300–500 mg as soon as possible after symptom…

…PCI treated with prasugrel and ASA exhibited a higher risk of major and minor bleeding, as classified by the TIMI system (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction)…

…in adults for chemical conversion of recent onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is used in the following settings: Non surgery patients: atrial fibrillation…

…used in adults aged ≥70 years. SCORE2 OP accounts for the competing risk of death from non cardiovascular causes, an important consideration in older populations…

…primarily by the ACS syndrome and the haemodynamic consequences of the culprit lesion. Patients may present with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non ST…

…independently. For cardiometabolic health, the most favourable patterns generally contain more minimally processed, fibre rich and bioactive foods, including fruits, non starchy vegetables, beans, whole…

…The proportion of painless or silent STEMIs is greater in patients with diabetes mellitus and increases with age. STEMI may present as sudden onset breathlessness…

…dissection. Coronary embolism of cardiac or non cardiac origin. Oxygen supply–demand mismatch, including demand related events in the presence of fixed coronary disease. More…

…The location of the thrombus in the artery: a proximally located thrombus will cut off blood flow to more branches, and thus more myocardium, as…

…isolates microvascular resistance. Only indices that detect microvascular disease as an independent cause of ischemia, including with non obstructive epicardial arteries (ANOCA/INOCA); CFR has…

…90 minutes STEMI diagnosis at a non PCI hospital to wire crossing As quickly as possible, primary PCI if the total expected time is 120…

…since the whole dose is given as a bolus [1,2]. In a meta analysis of three phase 3 trials, tenecteplase was non inferior to…

…Symptom–rhythm correlation in non specific complaints. The choice of recording is governed by the frequency of symptoms: Symptom interval Method : : Daily 24 hour Holter…

…one of the following: airway compromise respiratory compromise circulatory compromise severe gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly after exposure to a drug, insect venom or another non food…

…and as a risk marker in diabetes and known atherosclerotic disease. An ABI ≤ 0.90 is diagnostic of peripheral arterial disease and at the same…

…in whom non invasive measurement is unreliable: marked obesity, pronounced vasoconstriction, arrhythmia, intra aortic balloon pump. Assessment of stroke volume variation as part of fluid…

…raised outside it — associated with the same risk as manifest hypertension. Non dipping: a nocturnal fall in pressure of < 10% of the daytime value…

…or as part of balanced transfusion in massive haemorrhage. Transfusion thresholds in the stable, non bleeding patient Patient category Transfusion threshold (Hb) : : Most stable adult…

…shaped before induction , a syringe for the cuff, a cuff manometer. A laryngeal mask of the correct size as a rescue airway, and surgical airway…

…Contraindications The laryngeal mask is a compromise and does not protect the airway completely. Relative contraindications: A high risk of aspiration: a non fasted patient…

…often quoted as the threshold, but the threshold varies between regions. Infection of the skin over the puncture site. Marked haemodynamic instability — stabilise the patient…

…mask the expected tachycardia. Aids to assessment The shock index is calculated as the heart rate divided by the systolic blood pressure. A value of…

…pain, in chronic non cancer pain, or in headache. A failure to improve function is a reason to taper off, not to increase the dose…

…out of hospital and whatever the initial rhythm. It applies to both shockable and non shockable initial rhythms. It is started as soon as possible…

…the renal function and the severity of the bleeding 7 Manage antiplatelet drugs according to their indication. Do not routinely stop aspirin given as secondary…

…determined by ROC curve analysis as the optimal balance for deciding on ICD implantation, yielded a number needed to treat (NNT) of nine (95% CI…

…determined by ROC curve analysis as the optimal balance for deciding on ICD implantation, yielded a number needed to treat (NNT) of nine (95% CI…

…Ibutilide, Sotalol Class IV Non dihydropyridine L type Ca 2+ channel blockers Diltiazem, Verapamil Singh–Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs. Bold text indicates agents…

…a non invasive, accessible method to calculate this ratio, guiding clinical decisions about intervention or monitoring. Below, we outline the methodology and clinical applications of…

…studies have questioned the significance of female sex as an independent risk factor for stroke in AF patients. Evidence suggests that the increased stroke risk…

…Influence of Muscle Mass and Diet: Serum creatinine levels, a key component of the MDRD equation, can be affected by factors such as muscle mass…

…treatment of infarcting myocardium early II trial substudy. Circulation. 2000 Oct 24;102(17):2031 7. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non ST…

…treatment of infarcting myocardium early II trial substudy. Circulation. 2000 Oct 24;102(17):2031 7. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non ST…

…manifest as an increase in the frequency of a pre existing arrhythmia, the sustenance of a previously non sustained arrhythmia, or the development of an…

…by increased serious gastrointestinal bleeding and a non significant increase in cerebral haemorrhage. Bleeding outcomes The principal harm of aspirin in primary prevention is bleeding…

…Lipid lowering efficacy Bempedoic acid is available as a single daily dose of 180 mg. The LDL C response varies with background therapy: Treatment setting…

…symptom The symptom should be classified as cardiac , possibly cardiac , or non cardiac . The term “atypical” is discouraged because it may understate the possibility of…

…Thus, the presence of non obstructive epicardial arteries does not exclude a coronary cause of symptoms. CCS is a clinical syndrome rather than a permanently…

…denotes treatment with aspirin plus a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction…

…as well as dyspnea and nausea (anginal equivalents) [7]. Clinicians must consider both cardiac and non cardiac etiologies [1]. Cardiac Causes The primary differential diagnoses…

…urgent non cardiac surgery, those with high bleeding risk, or those considered unlikely to adhere to medication. However, contemporary data support the use of DES…