…Non dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers may also be used, although hypotension may limit dosing and evidence for their efficacy is limited. Ivabradine alone or combined…

…in a partially or fully occlusive intraluminal thrombus [5] . ACS Classification The clinical spectrum of Acute Coronary Syndromes encompasses Unstable Angina (UA), Non ST Elevation…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Non ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes (NSTE ACS): Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and Unstable Angina (UA) The focus…

…the IPAP against hypercapnia SpO₂ 88–92% Hypoxaemic failure without hypercapnia CPAP or high flow nasal oxygen 5–10 cmH₂O According to oxygenation requirement SpO₂…

…even when LDL C is normal or low. Clinical Significance Non HDL C is strongly associated with cardiovascular risk for both initial and on treatment…

…is weak, particularly for intermediate lesions. Even lesions with a visual diameter reduction of 50–70% may or may not produce ischaemia. Conversely, some lesions…

…coronary artery. Non obstructive disease is generally defined as the absence of a stenosis of 50% or more in any potential infarct related artery. MINOCA…

…obstructive atherosclerotic CAD, coronary microvascular dysfunction or vasospasm. A normal or non obstructive coronary anatomy does not necessarily exclude an ischaemic mechanism. Clinical assessment and…

…novel classification has been proposed: Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (OMI) versus Non Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (NOMI). This method focuses on the presence or absence of ACO…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Ezetimibe is a non statin lipid lowering agent that inhibits the Niemann–Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter…

…to have non anginal symptoms such as dyspnoea and fatigue, as well as a greater prevalence of MVA. Symptoms may be persistent or episodic and…

…heart failure, malignant arrhythmias, or mechanical complications. Risk assessment is intended to identify patients most likely to benefit from early coronary angiography and revascularization, while…

…a non contrast, electrocardiographically gated computed tomography (CT) scan. Image acquisition generally requires a single breath hold and does not require intravenous access, premedication, or…

Echocardiography Ultrasound artifacts The following artifacts are common in ultrasound imaging: The ultrasound image displays non existing structures. The ultrasound image does not display existing…

Cardiology Principles of myocardial perfusion imaging Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a non invasive technique for detecting and quantifying coronary artery disease (CAD). It offers…

…®, Rogitine ® Indications Hypertensive crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity…

…excluding non ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS) in patients with a low to intermediate likelihood of CAD when cardiac troponin and/or…

…examination protocol or characteristic examination findings. Diagnostics and laboratory findings Lipid assessment Triglyceride concentrations should be interpreted in conjunction with LDL C, non HDL C…

…the possible causes, apply several non pharmacological measures at the same time, and use drugs only in severe agitation or marked distress. Delirium is an…

…Duration : : : : Pneumonia, non severe (DS CRB65 0–1) phenoxymethylpenicillin 1 g × 3 PO 5–7 days or benzylpenicillin 3 g × 3 IV Pneumonia, in chronic…

…interactions Anticoagulants, thrombolytics, or other platelet aggregation inhibitors: Salicylates inhibit platelet function and enhance the effect of anticoagulants, increasing bleeding risk. Monitor coagulation. Cyclosporine, tacrolimus…

…angina (UA) Non ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) This applies to patients undergoing either primary or delayed percutaneous coronary intervention…

…onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is used in the following settings: Non surgery patients: atrial fibrillation ≤7 days duration. Post cardiac surgery: atrial…

…to classify 10 year risk as follows: Risk category 10 year risk of fatal or non fatal CVD Low <2% Moderate ≥2% to <10% High …

…Patients may present with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non ST elevation ACS (NSTE ACS), or ACS complicated by cardiogenic shock. In NSTE ACS…

…the most favourable patterns generally contain more minimally processed, fibre rich and bioactive foods, including fruits, non starchy vegetables, beans, whole grains, nuts and seeds…

…troponin elevation, ACS are classified into unstable angina (UA), non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). While the…

…with a calcified nodule. Epicardial or microvascular coronary spasm. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Coronary embolism of cardiac or non cardiac origin. Oxygen supply–demand mismatch…

…natural course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) The traditional distinction between NSTE ACS (NSTEMI, Non STEMI) and STE ACS (STEMI) is slightly simplified. In reality…

…yr) · FAME 3 Non hyperemic ratios (iFR / RFR / Pd Pa / dPR) Resting Pd/Pa during the diastolic “wave free period” (iFR) or the lowest ratio…

…troponin. If clinical suspicion persists despite an initially non diagnostic ECG, the ECG must be repeated, particularly with ongoing or recurrent pain [1,3,4]…

…trials, tenecteplase was non inferior to alteplase with respect to an excellent functional outcome, without an increased risk of symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage or death [3]…

…Use the arm with the higher pressure, or the non dominant arm if the values are equal. Check against a manual measurement and document the…

…a drug, insect venom or another non food allergen 2. Acute airway, respiratory or circulatory compromise after exposure to a known or probable allergen , even…

…Indications Intermittent claudication, rest pain in the foot or leg, or a non healing distal ulcer. Before compression treatment of a leg ulcer — compression in…

…be confused with a venous access. Indications Continuous blood pressure monitoring in haemodynamic instability or during ongoing vasoactive treatment. Conditions in which blood pressure must…

…home or on 24 hour recording. Masked hypertension: normal in the office but raised outside it — associated with the same risk as manifest hypertension. Non…

…or as part of balanced transfusion in massive haemorrhage. Transfusion thresholds in the stable, non bleeding patient Patient category Transfusion threshold (Hb) : : Most stable adult…

…Inadequate oxygenation despite maximal oxygen or non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing…

…aspiration: a non fasted patient, ileus, third trimester pregnancy, marked reflux. A need for high airway pressures, for example severe ARDS, marked obesity or a…

…delay it. Indications Suspected meningitis or encephalitis. Suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage with a normal or non diagnostic CT. Suspected neuroborreliosis, neurosyphilis or another CNS infection. Suspected…

…uncontrolled source of bleeding. Minimise the time to surgery, endoscopy, an obstetric procedure or angiographic intervention. Summon anaesthesia, the operating specialty, the blood bank and…

…for pain). An opioid is rarely the right choice in nociplastic or neuropathic pain, in chronic non cancer pain, or in headache. A failure to…

…or functional outcome; more arrhythmias with haemodynamic compromise in the hypothermia group HYPERION (2019) 33 °C for 24 hours versus 37 °C, with a non…

…bleeding generally has a higher early mortality than non variceal bleeding [1,2]. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding can present as haematemesis, coffee ground vomiting or melaena…

…implantation. Beta blockers, particularly non selective agents like nadolol and propranolol, are the first line treatment for reducing arrhythmic risk across all LQTS genotypes. These…

…implantation. Beta blockers, particularly non selective agents like nadolol and propranolol, are the first line treatment for reducing arrhythmic risk across all LQTS genotypes. These…

…VT : VT 30 seconds, or VT <30 seconds terminated by therapy. Non sustained VT (NSVT) : VT with ≥3 beats and spontaneous termination. Classification according to…

…VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Echocardiography provides a non invasive, accessible method to calculate this ratio, guiding clinical decisions about intervention or monitoring. Below…

…S, et al. CHA₂DS₂ VASc or a non sex score (CHA₂DS₂ VA) for stroke risk prediction in atrial fibrillation: a cohort study. Eur Heart J …

…enhancing consistency in patient care. Non Invasiveness: The calculation relies on readily available clinical parameters, eliminating the need for more invasive and costly direct measurements…

All patients with NSTE ACS (NSTEMI or unstable angina) are treated similarly with respect to anti ischemic and anti thrombotic drugs. Management must, however, be…

…2031 7. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non ST elevation MI: A method for prognostication and therapeutic decision making E M Antman, M…

…of a pre existing arrhythmia, the sustenance of a previously non sustained arrhythmia, or the development of an entirely new arrhythmia. Electrophysiologic mechanisms of proarrhythmia…

…Contemporary primary prevention studies and meta analyses show that aspirin can reduce non fatal cardiovascular events, but does not reduce cardiovascular or all cause mortality…

…cholesterol (LDL C), particularly when statins cannot be tolerated or when LDL C remains above goal despite maximally tolerated therapy. It is a prodrug activated…

…classified as cardiac , possibly cardiac , or non cardiac . The term “atypical” is discouraged because it may understate the possibility of ischaemia. A focused history should…

…may also result from epicardial vasomotor abnormalities or structural and functional microvascular disease. Thus, the presence of non obstructive epicardial arteries does not exclude a…

…events after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or medical management. The standard post ACS regimen is DAPT for 12 months, generally consisting of low…

…must consider both cardiac and non cardiac etiologies [1]. Cardiac Causes The primary differential diagnoses include conditions that directly affect the myocardium or major vessels…