…severe transfusion reaction: contact transfusion medicine before transfusing again. Preparation and equipment Compatibility testing Test What it involves When it is used : : : Blood grouping ABO…

…typically platelet rich and less occlusive, often presenting clinically as Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) rather than STEMI [4] . Calcified Nodules: A less common…

…ACS): Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and Unstable Angina (UA) The focus of this chapter is the diagnosis and management of patients with Non…

Procedurer CPAP and NIV are two different treatments with different physiology, and the commonest source of error is confusing them. CPAP delivers a constant pressure…

…or non HDL C, cardiovascular risk may be misestimated if cholesterol measures alone are used. Risk in these circumstances appears to track more closely with…

…precisely, FFR compares the pressure driving flow distal to a stenosis with the pressure that would be available in the absence of that stenosis. The…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and clinical concept Myocardial infarction with non obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) describes a clinical presentation in which the patient has…

…coronary microvascular dysfunction or vasospasm. A normal or non obstructive coronary anatomy does not necessarily exclude an ischaemic mechanism. Clinical assessment and estimation of pre…

…approach fails to identify a substantial proportion of patients with acute coronary occlusion (ACO) who present without diagnostic ST elevation, often resulting in delayed treatment…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Ezetimibe is a non statin lipid lowering agent that inhibits the Niemann–Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter…

…myocardial ischaemia despite normal or non obstructive coronary arteries; dyspnoea; fatigue; and recurrent symptoms causing impaired quality of life. Women with suspected angina are more…

…initially selective or delayed approach into an indication for angiography and possible revascularization. Initial evaluation and risk stratification Clinical assessment Assessment begins with the clinical…

…total plaque burden or stenosis severity directly. A patient may have little or no calcium despite clinically relevant non calcified plaque, particularly in middle age…

Echocardiography Ultrasound artifacts The following artifacts are common in ultrasound imaging: The ultrasound image displays non existing structures. The ultrasound image does not display existing…

Cardiology Principles of myocardial perfusion imaging Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a non invasive technique for detecting and quantifying coronary artery disease (CAD). It offers…

…®, Rogitine ® Indications Hypertensive crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity…

…invasive coronary angiography (ICA) for excluding non ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS) in patients with a low to intermediate likelihood of CAD…

…examination findings. Diagnostics and laboratory findings Lipid assessment Triglyceride concentrations should be interpreted in conjunction with LDL C, non HDL C and apolipoprotein B, particula

…In older patients delirium is often multifactorial. 7. Start non pharmacological treatment immediately , in parallel with the investigation. 8. Document the diagnosis and communicate it…

…applies where you work. They assume normal renal and hepatic function, a non pregnant adult of normal weight, and individual assessment. See the separate quick…

…reactivity: Do not administer to patients with a history of asthma, rhinitis, or urticaria triggered by: Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). Other non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs …

…angina (UA) Non ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) This applies to patients undergoing either primary or delayed percutaneous coronary intervention…

…onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is used in the following settings: Non surgery patients: atrial fibrillation ≤7 days duration. Post cardiac surgery: atrial…

…competing risk of death from non cardiovascular causes, an important consideration in older populations. Risk prediction is particularly relevant in adults with elevated blood pressure …

…ACS) with multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD), revascularization may be directed exclusively at the infarct related artery (IRA), or it may extend to additional non…

…the most favourable patterns generally contain more minimally processed, fibre rich and bioactive foods, including fruits, non starchy vegetables, beans, whole grains, nuts and seeds…

…troponin elevation, ACS are classified into unstable angina (UA), non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). While the…

…activation and coagulation, with formation of an intraluminal thrombus. The clinical spectrum includes unstable angina, non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST segment…

…natural course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) The traditional distinction between NSTE ACS (NSTEMI, Non STEMI) and STE ACS (STEMI) is slightly simplified. In reality…

…Only indices that detect microvascular disease as an independent cause of ischemia, including with non obstructive epicardial arteries (ANOCA/INOCA); CFR has independent prognostic value…

…troponin. If clinical suspicion persists despite an initially non diagnostic ECG, the ECG must be repeated, particularly with ongoing or recurrent pain [1,3,4]…

…analysis of three phase 3 trials, tenecteplase was non inferior to alteplase with respect to an excellent functional outcome, without an increased risk of symptomatic…

…when fitting the device. Use the arm with the higher pressure, or the non dominant arm if the values are equal. Check against a manual…

…adrenaline never replace intramuscular adrenaline [1,2]. Delayed administration of adrenaline is associated with more severe and more protracted reactions, biphasic courses and fatal outcome…

…rest pain in the foot or leg, or a non healing distal ulcer. Before compression treatment of a leg ulcer — compression in arterial insufficiency can…

…severe metabolic derangement. Major surgery with expected blood loss or large volume shifts. Patients in whom non invasive measurement is unreliable: marked obesity, pronounced vasoconstriction…

…in the office but raised outside it — associated with the same risk as manifest hypertension. Non dipping: a nocturnal fall in pressure of < 10…

…reflexes, vomiting with a risk of aspiration. Inadequate oxygenation despite maximal oxygen or non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis…

…The laryngeal mask is a compromise and does not protect the airway completely. Relative contraindications: A high risk of aspiration: a non fasted patient, ileus…

…must never delay it. Indications Suspected meningitis or encephalitis. Suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage with a normal or non diagnostic CT. Suspected neuroborreliosis, neurosyphilis or another CNS…

…incoming products and contact with the blood bank. 3. Secure large bore access, or rapid central access, but do not delay transfusion or control of…

…for pain). An opioid is rarely the right choice in nociplastic or neuropathic pain, in chronic non cancer pain, or in headache. A failure to…

…to 32–36 °C. The HYPERION result means that active hypothermia is still used in some units with a non shockable rhythm; this is the…

…non variceal bleeding [1,2]. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding can present as haematemesis, coffee ground vomiting or melaena. Haematochezia can occur in massive upper bleeding with…

…anomalies disrupt the cardiac ion channels, leading to delayed repolarization and an increased risk of life threatening arrhythmic events. The cornerstone of LQTS management involves…

…anomalies disrupt the cardiac ion channels, leading to delayed repolarization and an increased risk of life threatening arrhythmic events. The cornerstone of LQTS management involves…

…by therapy. Non sustained VT (NSVT) : VT with ≥3 beats and spontaneous termination. Classification according to morphology: Monomorphic VT : VT with constant QRS morphology. Polymorphic…

…ventricular septal defects (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Echocardiography provides a non invasive, accessible method to calculate this ratio, guiding clinical decisions about intervention…

…stroke risk in patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). It is a modification of the widely used CHA₂DS₂ VASc score, with the primary distinction…

…enhancing consistency in patient care. Non Invasiveness: The calculation relies on readily available clinical parameters, eliminating the need for more invasive and costly direct measurements…

…of patients should undergo angiography within 24 hours, but high risk patients should be evaluated with angiography earlier. Guidelines recommend the use of validated risk…

…2031 7. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non ST elevation MI: A method for prognostication and therapeutic decision making E M Antman, M…

…typically present with near syncope, syncope, or cardiac arrest. Before the onset of sustained VT, patients frequently experience PVCs and runs of non sustained VT…

…particularly among women with stroke risk factors, but this benefit was accompanied by increased serious gastrointestinal bleeding and a non significant increase in cerebral haemorrhage…

…ACL reduces hepatic cholesterol synthesis and produces reductions in LDL C, non high density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B and high sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP…

…remains consequential, and historically 2–6% of patients discharged with presumed non ischaemic chest pain were subsequently found to have had an infarction. Pathophysiological Considerations…

…over time, including transitions between stable angina, angina or ischaemia with non obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA/INOCA), post ACS or post revascularization states, and heart…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiological rationale Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) denotes treatment with aspirin plus a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. In the…

…also occur [5]. Non Cardiac Causes Several non cardiac conditions can present with chest pain that requires careful differentiation from ischemic heart disease [1], [2]…

…brief as 4–6 weeks. This made BMS attractive in patients requiring urgent non cardiac surgery, those with high bleeding risk, or those considered unlikely…