…severe transfusion reaction: contact transfusion medicine before transfusing again. Preparation and equipment Compatibility testing Test What it involves When it is used : : : Blood grouping ABO…

…linking). Concurrent activation of the coagulation cascade leads to thrombin generation and fibrin deposition, culminating in a partially or fully occlusive intraluminal thrombus [5] . ACS…

…pathophysiology of NSTEMI and unstable angina is very similar: both are due to partial (incomplete) coronary artery occlusions , which implies that there remains residual blood…

…oesophagus or upper gastrointestinal tract, ileus and ongoing upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Marked agitation or inability to cooperate. Copious secretions without an effective cough. Choice of…

…LDL C or non HDL C, cardiovascular risk may be misestimated if cholesterol measures alone are used. Risk in these circumstances appears to track more…

…main stem or proximal left anterior descending artery are more likely to affect flow because they supply a larger myocardial territory. The response of the…

…coronary artery. Non obstructive disease is generally defined as the absence of a stenosis of 50% or more in any potential infarct related artery. MINOCA…

…symptoms are severe, refractory to guideline directed medical therapy, occur at a low level of exertion, or are associated with high event risk. The apparent…

…novel classification has been proposed: Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (OMI) versus Non Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (NOMI). This method focuses on the presence or absence of ACO…

…plus ezetimibe. Consider bempedoic acid in selected patients, particularly those with statin intolerance or persistent failure to reach goal. For statin intolerant patients, ezetimibe may…

…men to have non anginal symptoms such as dyspnoea and fatigue, as well as a greater prevalence of MVA. Symptoms may be persistent or episodic…

…urgency of management: Recurrent or ongoing chest pain despite medical treatment Acute heart failure presumed to result from ongoing myocardial ischaemia Haemodynamic instability or cardiogenic…

…another indication can also contribute to risk assessment. Visual reporting of coronary calcification using four categories—none, mild, moderate, or severe—is recommended when such…

…ultrasound imaging: The ultrasound image displays non existing structures. The ultrasound image does not display existing structures. The ultrasound image misrepresents the echogenicity of structures…

…is a strong predictor of both cardiovascular and overall mortality, offering incremental prognostic data beyond perfusion imaging and ECG reaction. Coronary blood flow and coronary…

…non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity. Effects Primarily causes afterload reduction. Time to onset of action 1 to…

…excluding non ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS) in patients with a low to intermediate likelihood of CAD when cardiac troponin and/or…

…because of its association with acute pancreatitis. Evaluation and physical examination Evaluation should establish: The triglyceride concentration and whether the sample was fasting or non…

…4AT or the CAM according to local protocol. 6. Look for several concurrent causes. In older patients delirium is often multifactorial. 7. Start non pharmacological…

…applies where you work. They assume normal renal and hepatic function, a non pregnant adult of normal weight, and individual assessment. See the separate quick…

…reactivity: Do not administer to patients with a history of asthma, rhinitis, or urticaria triggered by: Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). Other non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs…

…tendency to bleed (e.g., due to recent trauma, surgery, gastrointestinal bleeding, or active peptic ulcer). Patients weighing < 60 kg (maintenance dose of 5…

…in adults for chemical conversion of recent onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is used in the following settings: Non surgery patients: atrial fibrillation…

…follows: Risk category 10 year risk of fatal or non fatal CVD Low <2% Moderate ≥2% to <10% High ≥10% to <20% Very high ≥20…

…exclusively at the infarct related artery (IRA), or it may extend to additional non infarct related lesions. Culprit only revascularization treats the artery responsible for…

…methods may also contribute. The cardioprotective effect is therefore likely to result from the cumulative influence of multiple modest dietary changes. Mediterranean type diets provide…

…the overlapping of vulnerable plaque and thrombogenic blood, which are critical determinants for infarction occurrence and extension. Plaque rupture or erosion leads to thrombus formation…

…conceptual framework Acute coronary occlusion is the abrupt or progressive reduction of coronary blood flow sufficient to produce myocardial ischaemia and, when prolonged or severe…

…the ischemia/infarction. The location of the thrombus in the artery: a proximally located thrombus will cut off blood flow to more branches, and thus…

…independent cause of ischemia, including with non obstructive epicardial arteries (ANOCA/INOCA); CFR has independent prognostic value. CFR confounded by heart rate/blood pressure/contractility…

…at a non PCI hospital to wire crossing As quickly as possible, primary PCI if the total expected time is 120 minutes or less If…

…trials, tenecteplase was non inferior to alteplase with respect to an excellent functional outcome, without an increased risk of symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage or death [3]…

…Measure the blood pressure in both arms when fitting the device. Use the arm with the higher pressure, or the non dominant arm if the…

…one of the following: airway compromise respiratory compromise circulatory compromise severe gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly after exposure to a drug, insect venom or another non food…

…is uncertain or borderline, the fibular artery can also be sought anterior to the lateral malleolus. Calculation: for each leg, the highest of the dorsalis…

…blood loss or large volume shifts. Patients in whom non invasive measurement is unreliable: marked obesity, pronounced vasoconstriction, arrhythmia, intra aortic balloon pump. Assessment of…

…Classification of office blood pressure Category Systolic Diastolic : : : : : Optimal < 120 and < 80 Normal 120–129 and/or 80–84 High normal 130–139…

…to protect the airway: reduced level of consciousness, loss of pharyngeal reflexes, vomiting with a risk of aspiration. Inadequate oxygenation despite maximal oxygen or non…

…of aspiration: a non fasted patient, ileus, third trimester pregnancy, marked reflux. A need for high airway pressures, for example severe ARDS, marked obesity or…

…Contraindications Clinical signs of herniation — deep unconsciousness with unreactive pupils, an altered breathing pattern, a rising blood pressure with bradycardia. A known or suspected intracranial…

…blood pressure. A value of around 0.9 to 1.0 or higher in an adult trauma patient suggests significant hypovolaemia and an increased transfusion…

…and urticaria are usually due to histamine release, not allergy. Concurrent MAO inhibitor, particularly with pethidine. Caution: untreated sleep apnoea, a concurrent benzodiazepine or gabapentinoid…

…return of spontaneous circulation , whether the arrest occurred in or out of hospital and whatever the initial rhythm. It applies to both shockable and non…

…transfusion requirement 10 With impaired consciousness, an inability to protect the airway, or ongoing major haematemesis: early anaesthetic assessment before endoscopy Assess the severity of…

…likelihood of arrhythmia onset. However, beta blockers do not fully eliminate the risk. In LQT3 patients, where arrhythmias often occur at rest due to late…

…likelihood of arrhythmia onset. However, beta blockers do not completely eliminate the risk. In LQT3 patients, where arrhythmias often occur at rest due to late…

…a sudden heart rate decrease (e.g due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with…

…non cardiac causes of symptoms like dyspnea or failure to thrive. Limitations and Considerations Technical Challenges : Poor acoustic windows or suboptimal Doppler alignment may skew…

…a clinical tool designed to assess stroke risk in patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). It is a modification of the widely used CHA₂DS₂…

…Standardization: Its widespread adoption has led to standardized reporting of eGFR in clinical laboratories, enhancing consistency in patient care. Non Invasiveness: The calculation relies on…

…treatment of infarcting myocardium early II trial substudy. Circulation. 2000 Oct 24;102(17):2031 7. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non ST…

…treatment of infarcting myocardium early II trial substudy. Circulation. 2000 Oct 24;102(17):2031 7. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non ST…

…SCA) if the underlying cardiac disease is unknown or if disease progression is suspected. Reversible causes may account for up to 50% of SCA cases…

…or antithrombotic drugs Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Patient selection Aspirin should not be prescribed routinely to individuals without established ASCVD. Selection requires simultaneous consideration of…

…The drug also lowers hsCRP. In a population of individuals unable or unwilling to take statins, bempedoic acid 180 mg daily produced approximately 21% reductions…

…of the discomfort. Location and radiation. Onset and temporal pattern. Duration and recurrence. Provoking and relieving factors. Associated symptoms. Similarity to previous documented angina or…

…leading to an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Clinical manifestations may therefore change over time, including transitions between stable angina, angina or ischaemia with non obstructive…

…contraindication, an indication for oral anticoagulation, or an excessive risk of bleeding. The duration and intensity may be modified according to: bleeding risk; ischemic risk…

…must consider both cardiac and non cardiac etiologies [1]. Cardiac Causes The primary differential diagnoses include conditions that directly affect the myocardium or major vessels…

…urgent non cardiac surgery, those with high bleeding risk, or those considered unlikely to adhere to medication. However, contemporary data support the use of DES…