…catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation. Repeated blood sampling during intensive care. Exhausted peripheral venous access during prolonged intravenous therapy…

…Right ventricular systolic and pulse pressures are reduced. The central management principle is preservation of adequate right ventricular preload while supporting left ventricular performance and…

…that an arterial line must never be confused with a venous access. Indications Continuous blood pressure monitoring in haemodynamic instability or during ongoing vasoactive treatment…

…= (CO × SVR) + Central Venous Pressure (CVP) This equation illustrates that MAP is determined by the volume of blood the heart pumps and the resistance…

…where the pads would go. Transvenous pacing: the relative contraindications are the same as for a central venous catheter — coagulopathy, infection at the puncture site…

…venous access, fluid and a vasopressor drawn up — push dose noradrenaline or phenylephrine must be ready before induction , not looked for afterwards. Monitoring: ECG, pulse…

…Contraindications Ongoing respiratory depression, or untreated severe respiratory failure without the possibility of monitoring. Paralytic ileus and suspected obstructive ileus (an opioid can be given…

…Robinul) 0.2 mg is an alternative premedication. Peripheral venous cannula, saline flush. ECG monitoring, pulse oximetry and blood pressure measurement throughout the test. Oxygen…

…Intermediate–high Stable Yes Raised Admission with monitoring. Be prepared for rescue thrombolysis Intermediate–low Stable One of the two positive Admission Low Stable No…

…closer monitoring — the patient cannot feel pressure injury Peripheral neuropathy of other cause As above Severe pain Titrate the pressure up gradually Rheumatoid arthritis with…