…forward flow through the pulmonary circulation. Consequently, left ventricular filling falls and cardiac output may become markedly depressed. Right sided filling pressures—including central venous…

…= (CO × SVR) + Central Venous Pressure (CVP) This equation illustrates that MAP is determined by the volume of blood the heart pumps and the resistance…

…catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation. Repeated blood sampling during intensive care. Exhausted peripheral venous access during prolonged intravenous therapy…

…closer monitoring — the patient cannot feel pressure injury Peripheral neuropathy of other cause As above Severe pain Titrate the pressure up gradually Rheumatoid arthritis with…

…Working venous access, fluid and a vasopressor drawn up — push dose noradrenaline or phenylephrine must be ready before induction , not looked for afterwards. Monitoring: ECG…

…monitoring, intravenous or intraosseous access, a targeted history At 5 minutes A full, adequate dose of a benzodiazepine About 10 minutes Repeat the benzodiazepine once…

…can precipitate circulatory collapse in a tamponaded patient , since positive airway pressure further reduces the venous return. Procedure Choice of access The ultrasound, not tradition…

…serum concentration. Alkalinisation increases renal elimination several fold and at the same time reduces the passage of salicylate into the central nervous system. Contact your…

…is warranted. Diagnostics Hemodynamic and functional monitoring is central to the safe administration of these agents. Continuous blood pressure and rhythm monitoring are mandatory, particularly…

…stenosis. Diagnostics Electrocardiogram and Cardiac Monitoring An ECG should be performed if there is suspicion of syncope due to an arrhythmia or underlying cardiac disease…