…and often notched R wave. Leads I and aVL: Similar to V5 and V6. ST T changes : Left sided leads (V5, V6, I and aVL)…

…hypertrophy (RVH). The electrical vector of the left ventricle is enhanced in LVH, which results in large R waves in left sided leads (V5, V6…

…hypertrophy (RVH). The electrical vector of the left ventricle is enhanced in LVH, which results in large R waves in left sided leads (V5, V6…

…hypertrophy (RVH). The electrical vector of the left ventricle is enhanced in LVH, which results in large R waves in left sided leads (V5, V6…

…occurs when intrapericardial pressure equals or exceeds right atrial pressure. The haemodynamic consequences are progressive impairment of right and left sided filling, reduced stroke volume…

…by elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It may arise from pulmonary vascular disease, left sided cardiac disease, chronic lung disease or hypoxia, chronic thromboembolic obstruction…

…hypotension, or evidence of low output despite relatively limited elevation of left sided filling pressure. Evaluation and physical examination Initial assessment should establish whether the…

…solely as an isolated coronary event. SCAD predominantly affects the left sided coronary circulation and may involve multiple vessels. Pregnancy associated SCAD can occur at…

…are elevated. Consequently, congestion may occur across the full range of left ventricular ejection fraction and may result from systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, or both…

…worse outcomes. Pulmonary hypertension secondary to left heart disease may occur because elevated left sided filling pressures are transmitted to the pulmonary circulation. Persistent pulmonary…

…tendineae . Thickened leaflet tips. Reduced leaflet mobility. Left sided rheumatic valvular disease is virtually always present. Carcinoid heart disease Short, thick and rigid leaflets. Echocardiography…

…the shortest catheter, while left sided and femoral insertions require longer ones — check the length in the set against the chosen side. An ultrasound machine…

…In patients with pericarditis complicated by constriction, symptoms and signs of right sided heart failure may predominate. Pericardial effusions associated with post infarction pericarditis are…

…volume of the ventricle (EDV) is reduced. Constrictive pericarditis also leads to right sided heart failure, which is explained by the fact that high pressure…

…the left anterior aspect of the aortic bulb. The LMCA is short and branches into the two arteries supplying the anterior and left side of…

… Is the left ventricle dilated? Is the left ventricle hypertrophic? Is left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) normal? A normal sized ventricle with hyperdynamic contractility suggests…

…section (SAX, short axis view), the the ventricle is rather a crescent shaped appendage of the left ventricle. On longitudinal sections (A4C, apical four chamber…

…left side so that the fluid collects in the left flank. Have the patient empty the bladder first. Procedure Choice of insertion site The left…

…aortic stenosis As aortic stenosis progresses, pressure conditions on the left side change dramatically, including in the left ventricle, left atrium, aorta and coronary arteries…

…supine position. Parasternal Windows PLAX Parasternal Long Axis view The parasternal long axis view (PLAX) is located on the left side of the sternum. It…

…directed downwards and to the left in the frontal plane and this yields a positive P wave in lead II ( Figure 2 , right hand side)…

…a bloodless field one works by feel, and by feel nail spicules are left behind — which is the commonest cause of recurrence. Indications Condition Procedure : …

…result in hemorrhage within the pericardium. Ventricular rupture : A transmural infarction can cause a rupture in the left ventricular free wall. Mediastinal trauma : Penetrating injuries…

…the heart. Therefore, most images in adult TTE are obtained with the patient positioned in the left lateral decubitus position. In this position, the heart…

…SB at rest due to high vagal tone. These individuals have developed a highly efficient left ventricle, capable of generating sufficient cardiac output at low…

…on manufacturer and user settings) circle next to the transducer; this is the side indicator that assists the examiner to identify left and right in

…6. Repeat on the left side. A positive test in the posterior canal is characterised by: A latency of 1–5 seconds before the nystagmus…

…the fundal height surpasses the umbilicus, the uterus should be manually displaced to the woman's left side (Figure 1). Additional offloading of the vena…

…the left anterior aspect of the aortic bulb. The LMCA is short and branches into the two arteries supplying the anterior and left side of…

…defined as stenosis of at least 70%, while a left main coronary stenosis of at least 50% is considered significant. These thresholds describe luminal narrowing…

…interventricular) septum The ventricular septum receives Purkinje fibers from the left bundle branch and therefore depolarization proceeds from its left side towards its right side…

…anatomical location for V3R and V4R are identical to V3 and V4, but on the right side of the chest wall. Refer to Figure 2…

…3A). If activation starts on one side, for example from right to left, then the wavefront will be directed to the left (Figure 3B). If…

…Anticoagulant treatment is not in itself a bar to vaccination. Relative: Lymphoedema or previous axillary clearance on the same side. A paretic limb — poorer absorption…

…5 mg/mL: clean with 3–4 swabs in wide circles and let it dry for a couple of minutes before the needle is inserted…

…m2 22 ± 6 29–33 34–39 40 22 ± 6 29–33 34–39 40 ​BSA, Body surface area; LA, left atrial; RA, right atrial.

Visual assessment of regional wall motion (left ventricle) TYPE OF MOTION DEFINITION WALL MOTION SCORE Normal Normal thickening (typically 30% thickening from end diastole to…

…notched R waves in leads I, aVL, and the left precordial leads, and narrow r waves followed by broad, deep S waves in the right…

…stenosis Distal bifurcation involvement Coexisting multivessel disease The extent of jeopardized myocardium Left ventricular systolic function Diabetes and other comorbidities Anatomical complexity and completeness of…

Echocardiography Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Left ventricular (LV) thrombus is an intracavitary clot attached to the LV endocardium, typically overlying an akinetic…

ECG Hypertrophy and dilatation Atrial enlargement: left atrial enlargement (P mitrale) and right atrial enlargement (P pulmonale) The atria may become dilated and/or hypertrophic…

…To address these challenges, researchers have developed ECG criteria designed to identify ischemia in the presence of left bundle branch block. The most widely recognized…

…an intuitive basis. Consider the fact that the left ventricle contracts and ejects blood into the aorta roughly 100,000 times daily, each time overcoming…

Echocardiography Left ventricular function and its echocardiographic assessment Cardiac function depends on a large number of parameters, including atrial function, valvular function, and ventricular function…

Echocardiography Size and mass of the left ventricle Left ventricular mass is a flawed proxy for ventricular systolic function and load. The mass is, however…

…orient and display the heart using the long axis of the left ventricle and selected planes oriented at 90° angles relative to the long axis…

Echocardiography Methods for assessing systolic function (contractile function) Several echocardiographic measurements are available to assess left ventricular systolic function. These methods elucidate slightly different aspects…

…and lateral walls, and the posterior wall if the LCx supplies the posterior descending artery (PDA) in a left dominant circulation (i.e. 10 15…

…affected, then the left ventricle is virtually always affected due to the coronary anatomy (refer to the chapter Coronary Arteries and Localization of Infarction & Ischemia)…

…01 to 0.04 seconds). ECG criteria for left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) Electrical axis between 45° to 90°. If the electrical axis is 30°…

Echocardiography Myocardial relaxation and left ventricular diastolic function Diastolic function is determined by the efficiency of myocardial relaxation. The degree and velocity of relaxation are…

…is derived by measuring flow velocities across the mitral valve using pulsed Doppler. Estimating left ventricular filling pressure via e' . Measurement of deceleration time (DT) …

Procedurer The oesophagus runs directly behind the left atrium. An electrode placed in the oesophagus at the right level therefore records atrial depolarisation with an…

…IVR; Figures 1 and 2). When the ventricular pressure is less than the left atrial pressure, the mitral valve opens and the cycle is repeated…

…a significantly increased risk of atrial fibrillation. The increase in left atrial pressure may also propagate backward to the pulmonary circulation, causing pulmonary hypertension (PH)…

Echocardiography Structure and contractile function of myocardial fibers The left ventricular wall can be subdivided into several layers. These layers are similar to those seen…

…speckle tracking As previously discussed, the left ventricular wall can be subdivided into three layers: the inner lining ( endocardium ), a thick muscle layer ( myocardium ) and…

Echocardiography Cardiomyopathy caused by tachycardia A prolonged tachycardia can cause cardiomyopathy with left ventricular dilation. This type of cardiomyopathy, referred to as tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy…

[calc_hcmrisk] Predicting Sudden Cardiac Death in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic cardiomyopathy characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy. It is the…