…that was previously only mildly or moderately stenosed. Plaque rupture Plaques prone to rupture characteristically contain a large lipid pool, numerous macrophages or foam cells…

…and extracellular matrix beneath the endothelium. Plaques that are particularly prone to rupture characteristically contain: a large lipid rich core; abundant foam cells and macrophages…

…endothelial coverage. Complementary Characteristics IVUS and OCT are complementary rather than interchangeable. IVUS generally provides better visualization of overall vessel dimensions, plaque burden, large vess

…Plaque or thrombus may be dislodged by: Balloon inflation Atherectomy Stent implantation Manipulation of friable SVG lesions Embolic debris obstructs the distal microcirculation and may…

…mortality, as well as limb complications. Atherosclerotic lesions generally affect large and medium sized arteries. Pathological features include plaque formation with calcium deposition, medial thinning…

…poor fibrous cap overlying a large lipid core with many macrophages, resulting in a red, fibrin rich thrombus. In contrast, plaque erosion tends to occur…

…oxidative stress, endothelial function, plaque stability, thrombogenic responses and immune activity. Statin intolerance refers to adverse effects attributed to statin treatment that improve or resolve…

…other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory reactions that promote plaque formation and progression. As the burden of retained atherogenic particles…

…and premature myocardial infarction Coronary microvascular dysfunction Myocarditis and pericarditis Coronary or large vessel arteritis Pulmonary arterial vasculopathy and pulmonary hypertension Arterial and venous thrombosis…

…disease may be obstructive or non obstructive. Atherosclerotic plaque accumulation in the epicardial arteries is a major pathological substrate, but ischaemia may also result from…

…platelet rich because they form under high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque or injury associated with PCI exposes thrombogenic material, promoting platelet activation…

…in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery. Plaque erosion or rupture exposes thrombogenic material to circulating blood. Platelets adhere…

CPR Data sources for monitoring cardiac arrest and resuscitation There are currently several large registries monitoring resuscitation practices. Some data sources also monitor sudden cardiac…

…Over the years, a large number of parameters have been introduced to assess left ventricular function. The majority of these parameters can be calculated or…

…fluid or blood products. Contrast medium for CT (this requires a large bore cannula in a suitable vein). Standby access in a patient at risk…

…about increased QRS amplitudes. This is because large chambers may be positioned closer to the electrodes (chest leads) which therefore observe stronger electrical potentials. However…

…10 mm. At 50 mm/s a small square (1 mm) corresponds to 20 ms and a large square (5 mm) to 100 ms. Intervals…

…colour Doppler small,, < 10 mm length, narrow origin variable large, wide origin Ratio pulmonic to aortic flow normal variable significantly increased References 1. Zoghbi…

…anterior descending and left circumflex coronary territories. Because these vessels perfuse a large proportion of the left ventricular myocardium, left main disease carries a substantial…

…acute coronary syndromes. The LMCA supplies a large myocardial territory through the left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LCx) arteries (Figure 1). Acute obstruction…

…RVH). The electrical vector of the left ventricle is enhanced in LVH, which results in large R waves in left sided leads (V5, V6, aVL…

…tachycardia (VT). ECG 2 . VT progressing to ventricular fibrillation. ECG 3 . Ventricular fibrillation, coarse (large amplitudes). ECG 4 . Ventricular fibrillation. ECG 5 . Ventricular fibrillation, fine …

…cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) differ substantially from normal circumstances. The purpose of CPR is to create large variations in intrathoracic pressure by compressing, decompressing and ventilating…

…lymphoedema or a dialysis fistula in both arms, an arm circumference too large for the available cuffs, and in a patient who does not tolerate…

…because cardiometabolic risk appears at a lower BMI. BMI is misleading in athletes with a large muscle mass, in older people with lost muscle mass…

…example during mechanical ventilation or severe metabolic derangement. Major surgery with expected blood loss or large volume shifts. Patients in whom non invasive measurement is…

…red marrow is abundant, and the distance to vessels and abdominal organs is large. The sternum may be used for aspiration when the iliac crest…

…incompatible infusions. Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure…

…within about 1 hour (a liquid preparation) or 2 hours (tablets). With very large quantities of an extremely toxic preparation, lavage can be discussed later…

…incoming products and contact with the blood bank. 3. Secure large bore access, or rapid central access, but do not delay transfusion or control of…

…the only absolute indication, and always urgent. A large pericardial effusion with symptoms despite medical treatment. Diagnostic drainage in suspected purulent pericarditis, tuberculosis or malignancy…

…with a pH below 7.20, haemothorax, a symptomatic or large pneumothorax, recurrent malignant effusion (often combined with pleurodesis), and in chest trauma and postoperatively…

…A vasopressor (noradrenaline) and cautious fluid administration. Large fluid volumes worsen an already strained right ventricle. Clinical probability in the stable patient The Wells criteria…

…used for dosing, not the value normalised to body surface area — the difference is substantial in very small and very large people. Acute kidney injury…

…local practice, oxygen if hypoxaemic, two large bore peripheral cannulae 0 to 10 min A blood gas with lactate, two sets of blood cultures, and…

…the work of breathing, the peripheral perfusion and the signs of shock 2 Two large bore peripheral cannulae. Consider an arterial line if the patient…

…Indications Acute urinary retention. Chronic urinary retention with renal impairment or a large residual volume. A need for accurate measurement of urine output in a…

…based on the HCM Risk SCD formula , a validated risk prediction model developed I relatively large patient cohorts. It incorporates key clinical and echocardiographic parameters…

…both anatomical and clinical factors. Provides a more personalized risk assessment. Validated in large clinical trials, including the SYNTAX trial. Limitations Requires detailed clinical and…

…LVEF), measured by echocardiography. Reduced LVEF reliably identifies a high risk group that derives a large, trial proven survival benefit from primary prevention ICDs. Its…

…in patients with renal disease; neither amiodarone nor desethylamiodarone is dialyzable. The volume of distribution is large, averaging 60 L/kg, and the drug is…

…37 Haemodynamic complications 0.26 Cardiac chamber perforation 0.03 Other complications 0.28 Total major complications 1.70 In another large diagnostic catheterization analysis…

…the adequacy of collateral circulation. Abrupt loss of flow may cause rapid deterioration when a large myocardial territory is jeopardized. Cardiovascular collapse after failed PCI…

…particularly primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In a large epidemiological analysis, mechanical complications occurred in approximately 0.27% of STEMI cases and 0.06% of…

…mortality in the cited international cohort evidence. Metabolic risk factors make a particularly large contribution to cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is a major component of this…

…atrial appendage, although competing mechanisms such as large artery atherosclerosis and small vessel disease may also contribute to stroke in patients with AF. Stroke risk…

…R''). Any negative wave occurring after a positive wave is an S wave. Large waves are referred to by their capital letters (Q, R, S…

…that atrial flutter is caused by a macro re entry circuit (a large re entry circuit) and re entry circuits are vulnerable processes that usually…

…occurs in LVH. Deep S wave in V5 or V6 ( 6 mm) Large RS complexes in multiple leads P pulmonale Figure 1. ECG changes seen…

…side Distended jugular veins Management Decompression using a venous cannula Can be executed in a pre hospital setting. A large venous cannula, preferably ≥7 cm…

…relieve pressure on the major vessels. A large uterus exerts pressure on the descending aorta and vena cava inferior . The pressure in the vena cava…

…coma. As above but with lower temperatures. Electrolyte replacement. Large infusions of fluids are typically needed. Table 1. Grading of hyperthermia. Body temperature should decrease…

…a tamponade, chest compressions have limited efficacy. Furthermore, administering large tidal volumes might inadvertently elevate intrathoracic pressures, additionally compromising venous return. Draining the pericardium, therefore…

…Thus, the formula yields how large (%) the increase in heart rate was in relation to the expected increase. The cut off for chronotropic incompetence is…

…RVH). The electrical vector of the left ventricle is enhanced in LVH, which results in large R waves in left sided leads (V5, V6, aVL…

…3 Brugada syndrome. Refer to Figure 2 for ECG example of type 1 Brugada syndrome (note the large J waves in V2–V3). Figure 2…

…Medium defects : 10–20% of the myocardium. Large defects : 20% of the myocardium. Perfusion defects are further classified based on the intensity of tracer uptake…

…and right bundle branch block (C). One large box equals 100 ms at paperspeed 25 mm/s. Figure 2 shows 12 lead ECGs demonstrating right…

…for RBBB or LBBB." These conduction delays may be observed after large myocardial infarctions, in which the large necrotic area may cause nonspecific conduction disturbances…