…in thoracic or abdominal aortic aneurysmal disease remains an emerging area of research. Pharmacological Classes and Mechanisms Monoclonal Antibodies Evolocumab and alirocumab are fully human…

…monitoring, intravenous or intraosseous access, a targeted history At 5 minutes A full, adequate dose of a benzodiazepine About 10 minutes Repeat the benzodiazepine once…

…EAT, or atrial tachycardia) arises when an ectopic focus within the atria generates electrical impulses at a rate exceeding that of the sinoatrial (SA) node…

…bioprosthetic valve, the first 3 months 2.0–3.0 Thereafter usually an antiplatelet drug or nothing Preparation and equipment INR, full blood count, creatinine…

…thereby decreasing the likelihood of arrhythmia onset. However, beta blockers do not fully eliminate the risk. In LQT3 patients, where arrhythmias often occur at rest…

…atherosclerosis and premature myocardial infarction Coronary microvascular dysfunction Myocarditis and pericarditis Coronary or large vessel arteritis Pulmonary arterial vasculopathy and pulmonary hypertension Arterial and venous…

…up and leans forward. Pain may be retrosternal or left precordial and can radiate to the neck, arms, or left shoulder. It may occasionally be…

…has not fully repolarized by the time the next impulse reaches the ventricles, the impulse will be blocked at that point. The length of the…

…vein can be fully compressed in the supine position in a cardiac arrest. For women beyond the 20 th week of pregnancy, or when the…

…coronary care unit (CCU), or catheterization laboratory. A 12 lead ECG must be obtained immediately after ROSC in order to identify cases with ST segment…

…equations, which are based on hemodynamic principles. It is fundamental to be familiar with these principles in order to fully understand echocardiography. In clinical practice…

…develops over hours to days [1,2]. Six steps Step Question Practical interpretation : : : 1 Is the pH low or high? pH <7.35 is acidaemia…

…started in an opioid naive patient, or when a conversion between drugs is made without reduction for incomplete cross tolerance. Indications Acute severe nociceptive pain…

…atrium is activated passively. The upper boundary of this circuit may be located either anterior or posterior to the superior vena cava. A critical area…

…and length; identification of the proximal and distal reference segments; assessment of stent expansion and apposition; recognition of edge dissection, tissue prolapse, thrombus, or other…

…and athletic activity counselling, although they do not fully reproduce prolonged activity or environmental stresses such as heat, humidity, altitude or wind. A gradual progression…

…cascade leads to thrombin generation and fibrin deposition, culminating in a partially or fully occlusive intraluminal thrombus [5] . ACS Classification The clinical spectrum of Acute…

…excellent, with the vast majority of patients recovering completely after restoration of sinus rhythm (or any other rhythm with normal ventricular rate and activation). Recovery…

…Consequently, congestion may occur across the full range of left ventricular ejection fraction and may result from systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, or both. The clinical…

…10 minutes. 3. Attach defibrillator pads if the patient is unstable or at marked risk of arrhythmia. 4. Take a full blood count, electrolytes, creatinine…

…bicarbonate or blood gas, calcium, phosphate, glucose and a full blood count. 5. Take a urine dipstick and, where the cause is unclear or a…

…The two pathways DBD DCD : : : Full name Donation after death by neurological criteria (total brain infarction) Donation after circulatory death Starting point A ventilated patient…

…pressure in both arms. Procedure 1. Exercise protocol: start at 25–50 W and increase by 10–25 W every minute, or by 25–50…

…hernia or visible abdominal wall collaterals (caput medusae) Puncture at least a few centimetres away from them Full bladder Have the patient void, or catheterise…

…with good function or cosmesis without apposition. A wound that bleeds because the edges are held apart. A wound through the full thickness of the…

…fraction (HFmrEF) is a clinical syndrome defined by the combination of symptoms and/or signs of heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)…

…iFR / RFR / Pd Pa / dPR) Resting Pd/Pa during the diastolic “wave free period” (iFR) or the lowest ratio across the full cardiac cycle (RFR)…

…Significance : : Inability to speak in full sentences Marked work of breathing Use of accessory respiratory muscles or paradoxical abdominal breathing Impending muscle fatigue Respiratory rate…

…attack : : : : Speech Full sentences Cannot complete a sentence in one breath Single words or unable to speak Position and behaviour Can lie down or sit…

…aphasia, hemianopia or hand paresis in a person of working age Blood pressure Measure initially in both arms if this does not delay reperfusion treatment…

…is titrated slowly. Caution in acute heart failure and in obstructive airways disease Verapamil or diltiazem When a beta blocker is contraindicated, for example in…

…obesity or when the supine position is necessary. After previous punctures: change side, and avoid irradiated fields. Preparation and equipment Informed consent, current full blood…

…changed or removed once the situation has stabilised. Preparation and equipment A central line set with a triple lumen catheter, usually 7 Fr. Catheter length…

…a woman who does not attend for a gynaecological examination, or who prefers to take the sample herself, is given a vaginal self sampling kit…

…at lower values if the rise is rapid, the patient has symptoms, or the clinical risk is high [1,2]. 1. Perform an ABCDE assessment…

…thumb and index finger, or compress the muscle in a slim patient. 4. Insert the needle perpendicularly , quickly and firmly, to its full length. 5…

…you are doing. Indications The laryngeal mask: A rescue airway when intubation has failed and bag mask ventilation is difficult or inadequate. The primary airway…

…uncontrolled source of bleeding. Minimise the time to surgery, endoscopy, an obstetric procedure or angiographic intervention. Summon anaesthesia, the operating specialty, the blood bank and…

…full vital signs, level of consciousness, and repeated assessment of the circulation and breathing 2 Assess whether the patient has sepsis, septic shock, or a…

…Procedural sedation Propofol, ketamine or a combination. It requires a fasting history, two people, full monitoring and airway preparedness With procedural sedation, one person must…

…imaging, or electrophysiology in relation to ACE inhibitor therapy. Biomarkers and Laboratory Findings Monitoring renal function and potassium is a critical component of ACE inhibitor…

…and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices. Implantable loop recorders are diagnostic devices rather than pacing or defibrillation systems, but their stored data may also be…

…However, full recovery of contractility may take hours to days. It is generally stated that myocardium resists 20 minutes of severe hypoxia before cell death…

…STEMI, actually have takotsubo. Previous studies reported that 98 out of 100 cases had full recovery. More recent studies has reported mortality rates reaching 4%…