…al ) and 30% of people with diabetes ( Cavallari et al ). Organizational challenges in cardiac arrest Optimal management of sudden cardiac arrest requires comprehensive efforts and…

…Diabetes related AF may be accompanied by a greater symptom burden and AF burden, although improved metabolic and risk factor management has been associated with…

…associated with increased ASCVD risk. Management in this range therefore focuses principally on ASCVD prevention and reduction of LDL C, non HDL C and apolipoprotein…

…management approach Congestion without hypoperfusion Intravenous loop diuretic therapy Congestion with hypoperfusion Loop diuretic therapy; consider inotropic support Persistent congestion despite initial therapy Increase diuretic…

…physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the symptoms and the patient…

…as well as greater cardiovascular mortality. Metabolic syndrome and diabetes are also more prevalent. Epidemiology and clinical significance The reported prevalence depends on the population…

…be non oliguric, particularly after nephrotoxins, sepsis or diuretic treatment [4]. An automatically reported eGFR is less reliable when creatinine is changing rapidly, since the…

…and Management Definition and Clinical Characteristics Torsades de pointes (TdP) represents a multifactorial clinical entity typically associated with drug induced long QT syndrome (DI LQTS…

…non chest pain manifestations are reported more frequently in females, older adults and people with diabetes. Ischaemic heart disease may also present without prominent discomfort…

…risk factors, ECG diagnosis and management Atrial fibrillation is the most common abnormal tachyarrhythmia (only sinus tachycardia is more common). The prevalence of atrial fibrillation…

…heart failure is now the most frequent complication of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al ). Management of heart failure progressed rapidly during the 1970s…

ECG Evaluation and management of stable coronary artery disease Chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris…

…shock. Patient related and procedural risk factors The risk of adverse events is increased by: advanced age; diabetes mellitus; chronic kidney disease or renal failure…

…coronary, cerebrovascular or other peripheral arterial disease, and management should therefore address the entire arterial circulation. PAD is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality…

…chest pain: differential diagnoses, evaluation and management Chest pain is one of the most common symptoms in the emergency department, as well as in primary…

Cardiology Evaluation and management of stable coronary artery disease Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris…

…shift. For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity was siloed, with clinicians focusing primarily on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction, blood…

…glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) should be assessed during follow up visits after discharge. Treatment and Management Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) There is…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Introduction Cardiovascular disease becomes increasingly prevalent with advancing age, while its clinical expression and management become progressively more complex. Older adults, often…

…lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) is the principal therapeutic target in lipid management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins play a causal role in…

…counselling, smoking cessation, blood pressure and lipid management, and diabetes care are therefore integral rather than optional components. Psychological and social factors also influence prognosis…

…Sources American Diabetes Association, Standards of Care in Diabetes: diabetes care in the hospital. Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline on the management of hyperglycaemia in…

…Avoid or modify in: Situation Management : : Disseminated intravascular coagulation or clinically overt bleeding Refrain until the condition has been corrected Marked coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia Routine…

…risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death. Management must therefore address both cerebrovascular risk and the broader atherosclerotic burden. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Asymptomatic disease…

…Early reperfusion, reduction of myocardial energy requirements and mitigation of reperfusion injury are complementary objectives of initial STEMI management. The principal acute complications fall into…

…heart failure is now the most frequent complication of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al ). Management of heart failure progressed rapidly during the 1970s…

…often necessary to normalize blood pressure. Management of hypertension requires careful consideration of other cardiovascular risk factors and coexisting conditions. Therapy must be tailored to…

…the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is needed for management. Cryoglobulinaemia, cold…

…manifestations, diagnosis, management, treatment response and outcomes of cardiovascular disease. The biological differences between females and males arise partly from the chromosomal distinction between XX…

…AF pattern. Important predictors include previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA), mitral stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart failure, older age, vascular disease…

…Clinical Variables : The original SYNTAX Score focuses solely on anatomical factors, ignoring clinical variables such as age, diabetes, and renal function, which significantly impact outcomes…

…diagnosis of DKA requires three components: diabetes or hyperglycaemia, ketosis and metabolic acidosis. A very high glucose value is no longer required [1]. Diabetic ketoacidosis…

…It should be noted that several types of cardiomyopathies ( e.g ischemic cardiomyopathy, tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, etc. ) may ultimately lead to ventricular dilation…

…deep vein thrombosis with post thrombotic syndrome. Differential diagnosis Feature Venous ulcer Arterial ulcer Diabetic foot ulcer : : : : Site Gaiter area, above the medial malleolus Toes…

…Risk rises substantially with chronic kidney disease, particularly diabetic kidney disease and advanced CKD. The clinical course is often more rapidly reversible than that of…

…pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)…

…equivalent. Note that women, diabetics and older individuals with coronary artery disease may only present with dyspnea (which is then considered an angina equivalent). Notably…

…CHA2DS2 VASc Score Calculator Congestive Heart Failure Hypertension Age = 75 years Diabetes Mellitus Stroke/TIA/TE Vascular disease Age 65 74 years Sex category…

…only in claudication, but before every compression treatment of a leg ulcer and as a risk marker in diabetes and known atherosclerotic disease. An ABI…

…in South Asians, who have substantially elevated risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes at BMI levels of 23 kg/m 2 or higher. Body surface…

…or more major epicardial coronary arteries. It frequently coexists with left main coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other…

…normal office blood pressure but organ damage or high risk. Treatment resistant hypertension. Suspected nocturnal hypertension or absent nocturnal dipping (diabetes, renal failure, sleep apnoea)…

…circumference — a cuff that is too narrow gives a falsely high reading The cuff at heart level Measure in both arms at the first visit…

…two occasions establishes a diagnosis of diabetes HbA1c < 42 mmol/mol 42–47 = prediabetes; ≥ 48 = diabetes Total cholesterol < 5.0 mmol…

…absolute contraindications, but be cautious and consider referral in: Diabetes with neuropathy or peripheral arterial disease — a risk of osteomyelitis and poor healing. Check the…

…An only hearing ear. Relative (choose a manual technique or refer to ENT): Condition Reason : : Diabetes, immunosuppression A risk of necrotising otitis externa Anticoagulant treatment…

…joint. Known hypersensitivity to the preparations. Relative: Poorly controlled diabetes — expect a raised blood glucose for 2–5 days. Suspected or known tendon rupture. No…

…time has passed since the injury (see below). Be particularly cautious with impaired healing: peripheral vascular disease, diabetes with neuropathy, immunosuppression, and high dose corticosteroids…

…than LDL C alone. It is particularly informative when triglyceride rich lipoproteins are increased, as commonly occurs with obesity, diabetes, prediabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome…

…Dyslipidaemia, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other adverse influences disturb these functions. The resulting endothelial dysfunction promotes inappropriate vasoconstriction, adhesion of circulating cells, inflammatory…

…cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, advanced age, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, cancer, etc – are the most important risk factors for poor outcomes. The vast majority of infections…

…considered at increased cardiovascular risk without a calculated SCORE2 or SCORE2 OP estimate when certain clinical conditions are present. These include diabetes mellitus, familial hypercholesterolaemia…

…heterogeneous. Chronic heart failure evaluation should therefore seek reversible or treatable causes. The source material identifies coronary disease, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, valvular disease, cardiomyopathies, myocarditis…

…the prognosis of established CVD. Mechanisms linking CKD to cardiovascular disease The association is mediated by both traditional and kidney specific pathways. Diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia…

…the elderly, or patients with diabetes [4]. Associated Findings: The sudden onset of symptoms coupled with diaphoresis should always raise concern for a cardiovascular cause…

…vessel diameter A small post procedural lumen Substantial residual stenosis Long lesions Diabetes mellitus Untreated edge dissection Components and mechanisms of DES A conventional durable…

…distinction is important in premature coronary disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidaemia, which are usually polygenic conditions, although family history remains clinically useful for…

…Coexisting multivessel disease The extent of jeopardized myocardium Left ventricular systolic function Diabetes and other comorbidities Anatomical complexity and completeness of possible revascularization A proximal…

…or visceral, adipose tissue is more closely related to insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The waist…

…treatment. It is associated with lower cardiovascular and all cause mortality and with reduced incidence or burden of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, coronary disease, stroke…