…al ) and 30% of people with diabetes ( Cavallari et al ). Organizational challenges in cardiac arrest Optimal management of sudden cardiac arrest requires comprehensive efforts and…

…therapy may be more frequent in T2DM, although management follows the same principles as in patients without diabetes. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms T2DM may be…

…ASCVD risk. Management in this range therefore focuses principally on ASCVD prevention and reduction of LDL C, non HDL C and apolipoprotein B. Causes and…

…However, diuretic treatment has not been shown formally to reduce heart failure mortality; its established role is symptom relief and prevention of recurrent congestion and…

…10 to 15 minutes and repeat treatment until the patient has recovered. 7. Follow up with a meal or with continued glucose administration adapted to…

…increased, relatively autonomous from angiotensin II and plasma potassium, and resistant to suppression by sodium loading. It is the most common form of secondary hypertension…

…may be due to hypovolaemia, shock, obstruction or advanced renal injury. Conversely, significant AKI may be non oliguric, particularly after nephrotoxins, sepsis or diuretic treatment …

…interventional alternative to suppress the arrhythmia [4]. Relief of Triggers Addressing the underlying precipitating factors is a critical component of acute management [4]: Electrolyte Management …

…Excessive fatigue. These non chest pain manifestations are reported more frequently in females, older adults and people with diabetes. Ischaemic heart disease may also present…

…diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2), obesity, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Moreover, certain other tachyarrhythmias predispose to…

…heart failure is now the most frequent complication of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al ). Management of heart failure progressed rapidly during the 1970s…

ECG Evaluation and management of stable coronary artery disease Chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris…

…contrast media are injected selectively into the epicardial coronary arteries through a catheter advanced from a peripheral artery to the aortic root and coronary ostia…

…coronary, cerebrovascular or other peripheral arterial disease, and management should therefore address the entire arterial circulation. PAD is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality…

…condition) In addition to these five conditions, there are numerous other causes of chest pain, but the other causes are either subacute or non acute…

Cardiology Evaluation and management of stable coronary artery disease Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris…

…shift. For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity was siloed, with clinicians focusing primarily on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction, blood…

…estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) should be assessed during follow up visits after discharge. Treatment and Management Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) There…

…diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, smoking exposure, and physical inactivity. The interaction between these acquired risks and age related cardiovascular remodeling contributes to the high incidence and prevalence…

…In patients with diabetes and combined dyslipidaemia, non HDL C is particularly relevant because it captures triglyceride rich lipoproteins in addition to LDL and other…

…factors Support smoking cessation Improve management of hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and diabetes mellitus Reduce anxiety and depressive symptoms Facilitate return to work and appropriate recreational or…

…parallel, otherwise hypoglycaemia will follow. Discharge without a plan. Document what has been changed, who is following it up and when. Sources American Diabetes Association…

…Avoid or modify in: Situation Management : : Disseminated intravascular coagulation or clinically overt bleeding Refrain until the condition has been corrected Marked coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia Routine…

… ischaemic stroke; focal neurological symptoms attributable to the affected carotid territory. Recent neurological symptoms are particularly important in determining management. The benefit of carotid revascularisation…

…initiation to restoration of coronary flow. Early reperfusion, reduction of myocardial energy requirements and mitigation of reperfusion injury are complementary objectives of initial STEMI management…

…heart failure is now the most frequent complication of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al ). Management of heart failure progressed rapidly during the 1970s…

…Industrialization and a Western lifestyle are strongly related to the development of hypertension. Developing and non Western countries rarely display the blood pressure trajectories and…

…the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is needed for management. Cryoglobulinaemia, cold…

…classification, remains incompletely established. Data concerning premature menopause and subsequent hypertension or diabetes are insufficient to support firm conclusions. Systemic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including…

…AF pattern. Important predictors include previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA), mitral stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart failure, older age, vascular disease…

…s predictive accuracy. The SYNTAX Score remains a cornerstone in the management of complex CAD, providing a structured approach to revascularization strategy. While it has…

…admission alone. Diagnosis Current diagnostic criteria According to the international consensus report of 2024, the diagnosis of DKA requires three components: diabetes or hyperglycaemia, ketosis…

…lead to dilation of the ventricle: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) Idiopathic or genetic . Ischemic cardiomyopathy Alcoholic cardiomyopathy Diabetic cardiomyopathy Takotsubo cardiomyopathy Tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy Non compaction…

…above Severe pain Titrate the pressure up gradually Rheumatoid arthritis with vasculitis Individual assessment Repeat the ABI every three to six months during ongoing compression…

…with an eGFR of 30–44 mL/min/1.73 m2 and up to 17% when eGFR is below 30 mL/min/1.73 m2…

…without diabetes Heart failure across the ejection fraction spectrum, according to the guideline key points Patients with renal insufficiency and cardiovascular disease, irrespective of diabetes…

…to poor exercise capacity (with normal ventilatory capacity and cardiac output), diminished ventilatory capacity, diminished cardiac output or an angina equivalent. Note that women, diabetics…

…TIA, systemic thromboembolism) in the next 12 months and the calculations apply to untreated patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation ( Table 1 ). CHADS VASc Score…

…persists: exercise ABI 0.91–0.99 Borderline Exercise ABI or follow up 0.41–0.90 Peripheral arterial disease, mild to moderate Secondary prevention…

…Health Organization defines BMI categories as follows: Underweight : Less than 18.5 Normal weight : 18.5 to 24.9 Overweight : 25 to 29.9 Obese :…

…repeat revascularization Symptom burden and treatment goals Diabetes, left ventricular function and other comorbidities Surgical risk and contraindications to prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy Patient preferences…

…tolerate repeated compression (for example marked thrombocytopenia). Set up and instructions Choose the cuff according to arm circumference ; a cuff that is too narrow overestimates…

…at the first visit; a difference 15 mmHg suggests vascular disease, and the arm with the higher reading is used thereafter Two to three measurements…

… used to guide antibiotic therapy Glucose and lipids Test Threshold Comment : : : Fasting plasma glucose 4.0–6.0 mmol/L ≥ 7.0 on two occasions…

…a non adherent dressing, gauze. The digital block Anaesthetise from the dorsal aspect, one injection medial and one lateral to the base of the phalanx…

…to a maximum of about 8 mm. 5. Follow a systematic order: the skin of the ear canal → the colour and translucency of the…

…hypersensitivity to the preparations. Relative: Poorly controlled diabetes — expect a raised blood glucose for 2–5 days. Suspected or known tendon rupture. No response to…

…the face and scalp — where the blood supply is good and a scar is stigmatising — up to about 24 hours is accepted in Swedish practice…

…diabetes, prediabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and hypertriglyceridaemia. Because triglyceride rich particles contribute additional cholesterol—often approximately 30 mg/dL—non HDL C treatment goals…

…term follow up. Moreover, several potentially high risk plaques may coexist within one coronary tree, and inflammatory activity may be widespread rather than confined to…

…cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, advanced age, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, cancer, etc – are the most important risk factors for poor outcomes. The vast majority of infections…

…year risk as follows: Risk category 10 year risk of fatal or non fatal CVD Low <2% Moderate ≥2% to <10% High ≥10% to <20%…

…IV HFrEF. Advanced or refractory heart failure should be considered when there is recurrent clinical deterioration despite careful follow up and appropriate therapy. In this…

…insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension, CKD and CVD reinforce one another. Dysfunctional adipose tissue contributes to inflammatory and metabolic abnormalities, while CKD promotes vascular and myocardial…

…thought to result from right ventricular ischemia that develops during physical exertion [5]. Associated Findings: Exertional dyspnea, dizziness, and syncope may also occur [5]. Non…

…as follow up diameter stenosis greater than 50%—occurred in 20–30% of patients, while clinically evident restenosis, manifested by recurrent angina attributable to the…

…example, heterozygous carriers in a clearly recessive cardiomyopathy may not require the same follow up as individuals at risk in an autosomal dominant family, whereas…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Left main coronary artery disease (LMCAD) refers to atherosclerotic narrowing of the left main coronary artery, which supplies…

…oxidative stress. Metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease affects approximately 10% of non obese individuals and up to 65% of patients with metabolic syndrome. A…

…active commuting and recreational activities. Exercise is a more structured form of physical activity undertaken to maintain or improve physical fitness. Regular physical activity is…