…or cardiometabolic origin. Major clinical presentations The principal outpatient presentations include: Reproducible stress induced angina or ischaemia associated with obstructive epicardial coronary disease. Angina or…

…etc. Right ventricular load is thus an issue that is raised both in outpatient and emergency care. To evaluate the presence of right ventricular load…

…Diabetes related AF may be accompanied by a greater symptom burden and AF burden, although improved metabolic and risk factor management has been associated with…

…CHA2DS2 VASc Score Calculator Congestive Heart Failure Hypertension Age = 75 years Diabetes Mellitus Stroke/TIA/TE Vascular disease Age 65 74 years Sex category…

…only in claudication, but before every compression treatment of a leg ulcer and as a risk marker in diabetes and known atherosclerotic disease. An ABI…

…18.5 Normal weight : 18.5 to 24.9 Overweight : 25 to 29.9 Obese : 30 and above Limitations of BMI Despite its widespread use…

…shift. For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity was siloed, with clinicians focusing primarily on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction, blood…

…or more major epicardial coronary arteries. It frequently coexists with left main coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other…

…pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)…

…and 7 night time values, and with a measurement interval of no more than 30 minutes throughout the 24 hours. Phenotype Office blood pressure ABPM…

…last two Orthostatic testing after 1 and 3 minutes of standing in older patients, patients with diabetes and anyone with dizziness Definitions White coat hypertension…

…two occasions establishes a diagnosis of diabetes HbA1c < 42 mmol/mol 42–47 = prediabetes; ≥ 48 = diabetes Total cholesterol < 5.0 mmol…

…values [1]. Grade Blood ketones pH or bicarbonate Consciousness : : : : Mild DKA 3 to 6 mmol/L pH 7.25 but < 7.30, or bicarbonate…

…the same time. 6. Measure the glucose again after 10 to 15 minutes and repeat treatment until the patient has recovered. 7. Follow up with…

…Sources American Diabetes Association, Standards of Care in Diabetes: diabetes care in the hospital. Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline on the management of hyperglycaemia in…

…systemic involvement. Relative: Condition Adaptation : : ABI 0.5–0.79 Reduced compression (20–30 mmHg) under vascular surgical supervision Diabetes with neuropathy Reduced compression, closer…

…taken effect, and note the time. It must not stay on for longer than 20–30 minutes. Procedure Paronychia — incision and drainage 1. A digital…

…drops, olive oil, carbamide peroxide) are instilled 15–30 minutes before the procedure, or over a few days at home for a hard plug. Have…

…joint. Known hypersensitivity to the preparations. Relative: Poorly controlled diabetes — expect a raised blood glucose for 2–5 days. Suspected or known tendon rupture. No…

…time has passed since the injury (see below). Be particularly cautious with impaired healing: peripheral vascular disease, diabetes with neuropathy, immunosuppression, and high dose corticosteroids…

…diabetes, prediabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and hypertriglyceridaemia. Because triglyceride rich particles contribute additional cholesterol—often approximately 30 mg/dL—non HDL C treatment goals…

…Dyslipidaemia, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other adverse influences disturb these functions. The resulting endothelial dysfunction promotes inappropriate vasoconstriction, adhesion of circulating cells, inflammatory…

…quality of life and self efficacy Address modifiable cardiovascular risk factors Support smoking cessation Improve management of hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and diabetes mellitus Reduce anxiety and…

…cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, advanced age, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, cancer, etc – are the most important risk factors for poor outcomes. The vast majority of infections…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Introduction Cardiovascular disease becomes increasingly prevalent with advancing age, while its clinical expression and management become progressively more complex. Older adults, often…

Cardiology Definition and purpose Cardiovascular risk assessment estimates an individual’s probability of experiencing cardiovascular disease (CVD) over a defined period. SCORE2 and SCORE2 Older…

…risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death. Management must therefore address both cerebrovascular risk and the broader atherosclerotic burden. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Asymptomatic disease…

…heterogeneous. Chronic heart failure evaluation should therefore seek reversible or treatable causes. The source material identifies coronary disease, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, valvular disease, cardiomyopathies, myocarditis…

…1.73 m², excess urinary albumin excretion—typically a spot urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) above 30 mg/g—or both. The eGFR is…

…the elderly, or patients with diabetes [4]. Associated Findings: The sudden onset of symptoms coupled with diaphoresis should always raise concern for a cardiovascular cause…

…eliminate it. Angiographic restenosis—defined in the source material as follow up diameter stenosis greater than 50%—occurred in 20–30% of patients, while clinically…

…cardiovascular conditions demonstrate autosomal dominant transmission, in which an affected heterozygous individual has a 50% risk of transmitting the relevant variant to each child. However…

…associated with increased ASCVD risk. Management in this range therefore focuses principally on ASCVD prevention and reduction of LDL C, non HDL C and apolipoprotein…

…depending on coronary dominance. Significant left main stenosis is generally defined as a diameter reduction of at least 50%. Severe proximal disease of both the…

…patients with diabetes. Insulin resistance is accompanied by compensatory hyperinsulinaemia and, with progression, hyperglycaemia and pancreatic β cell dysfunction. These abnormalities initiate self perpetuating metabolic…

…coronary, cerebrovascular or other peripheral arterial disease, and management should therefore address the entire arterial circulation. PAD is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality…

…principal preventive target is: 150–300 minutes per week of moderate intensity aerobic activity; or 75–150 minutes per week of vigorous intensity aerobic activity…

…as well as greater cardiovascular mortality. Metabolic syndrome and diabetes are also more prevalent. Epidemiology and clinical significance The reported prevalence depends on the population…

…to established, modifiable determinants of cardiovascular disease. The principal targets include blood pressure, lipid abnormalities, diabetes and glycaemic status, body weight, smoking, diet, physical inactivity…

…diabetes or previous angina. Patients should be advised to seek emergency medical assistance rather than self presenting to an emergency department or contacting primary care…

…thrombosis for clinical research and outcome assessment. Predisposing factors Domain Factors associated with stent thrombosis Clinical Acute myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, renal failure, heart failure…

…AF pattern. Important predictors include previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA), mitral stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart failure, older age, vascular disease…

…and Management Definition and Clinical Characteristics Torsades de pointes (TdP) represents a multifactorial clinical entity typically associated with drug induced long QT syndrome (DI LQTS…

…risk factors, ECG diagnosis and management Atrial fibrillation is the most common abnormal tachyarrhythmia (only sinus tachycardia is more common). The prevalence of atrial fibrillation…

…heart failure is now the most frequent complication of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al ). Management of heart failure progressed rapidly during the 1970s…

…heart failure is now the most frequent complication of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al ). Management of heart failure progressed rapidly during the 1970s…

…the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The individual and public health effects of hypertension are devastating. Due to the simplicity of diagnosing hypertension…

…common as systolic heart failure ( heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, HFREF ). Diastolic heart failure is particularly common among people with diabetes, hypertension, overweight/obesity…

…anything whose diagnosis you have not established. Indications Lesion Freeze time per cycle Number of cycles Margin : : : : Actinic keratosis, thin 5–10 s 1 1…

…Clinical Variables : The original SYNTAX Score focuses solely on anatomical factors, ignoring clinical variables such as age, diabetes, and renal function, which significantly impact outcomes…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) constitute a cornerstone in the management of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and chronic…

…Aspirin should not be prescribed routinely to individuals without established ASCVD. Selection requires simultaneous consideration of: Estimated cardiovascular risk Baseline bleeding risk Age Diabetes sta

…statin therapy reduced LDL C by approximately 16.5%; the reduction in a subgroup with diabetes was approximately 19.1%. The drug also lowers hsCRP…

…greatest risks were reported with systemic sclerosis, Addison disease, SLE and type 1 diabetes. Traditional factors such as smoking, family history of premature coronary disease…

…manifestations, diagnosis, management, treatment response and outcomes of cardiovascular disease. The biological differences between females and males arise partly from the chromosomal distinction between XX…

…shock. Patient related and procedural risk factors The risk of adverse events is increased by: advanced age; diabetes mellitus; chronic kidney disease or renal failure…

…Risk rises substantially with chronic kidney disease, particularly diabetic kidney disease and advanced CKD. The clinical course is often more rapidly reversible than that of…

…relaxation and filling. Hypertension and diabetes can contribute to the development of heart failure in the preserved and mildly reduced EF ranges, and obesity is…

…HFpEF is heterogeneous rather than a single pathophysiologic entity. Hypertension and diabetes contribute to its development, and obesity is increasingly recognized as an important contributor…

…stented segment or at its margins. Angiographic restenosis has traditionally been described as a follow up diameter stenosis exceeding 50%, whereas clinical restenosis refers to…